A. NOVELS
A. NOVELS
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Noli Me Tangere (1887)
Noli Me Tangere (1887)
Summary: After studying in Europe, Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra returns to the Philippines to build a school and uplift his people. He discovers corruption, hypocrisy, and abuse by friars and officials that hinder progress.
Themes: Corruption, abuse of power, religion vs. religiosity, education, love and betrayal.
Impact: Exposed societal injustices and awakened Filipino nationalism; remains a required reading in schools.
El Filibusterismo (1891)
El Filibusterismo (1891)
Summary: Sequel to Noli Me Tangere. Ibarra returns as Simoun, a wealthy jeweler who plots revenge and revolution after losing faith in peaceful reform.
Themes: Greed, power, revenge, loss of idealism, betrayal.
Impact: Deepened revolutionary spirit and inspired debates on reform versus revolution.
B. ESSAYS AND LETTERS
B. ESSAYS AND LETTERS
El Amor Patrio (1882)
El Amor Patrio (1882)
A patriotic essay emphasizing love of country and the role of education in shaping national identity.
La Indolencia de los Filipinos
La Indolencia de los Filipinos
Explains that Filipino “laziness” was caused by colonial oppression and lack of opportunity. Advocates reform and education.
Mga Kababayang Dalaga ng Malolos (1889)
Mga Kababayang Dalaga ng Malolos (1889)
A letter praising the courage of the women of Malolos for demanding education. Defends women’s right to knowledge and empowerment.
C. POEMS
C. POEMS
Noli Me Tangere (1887)
Noli Me Tangere (1887)
Summary: After studying in Europe, Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra returns to the Philippines to build a school and uplift his people. He discovers corruption, hypocrisy, and abuse by friars and officials that hinder progress.
Themes: Corruption, abuse of power, religion vs. religiosity, education, love and betrayal.
Impact: Exposed societal injustices and awakened Filipino nationalism; remains a required reading in schools.
El Filibusterismo (1891)
El Filibusterismo (1891)
Summary: Sequel to Noli Me Tangere. Ibarra returns as Simoun, a wealthy jeweler who plots revenge and revolution after losing faith in peaceful reform.
Themes: Greed, power, revenge, loss of idealism, betrayal.
Impact: Deepened revolutionary spirit and inspired debates on reform versus revolution.
D. DISCOVERIES & CONTRIBUTIONS
D. DISCOVERIES & CONTRIBUTIONS
Rizal was a trained ophthalmologist, performing surgeries and studying eye diseases.
Conducted studies in botany and zoology, collecting specimens in Dapitan.
Advocated for scientific thinking as a path to enlightenment and progress.
E. ARTWORKS, PAINTNINGS, & SKETCHES
E. ARTWORKS, PAINTNINGS, & SKETCHES
Portrait of Saturnina Rizal (c. 1876–77)
An oil painting of his sister; shows Rizal’s skill in portraiture and realism.
Travel Sketches (e.g., Singapore Lighthouse, Suez Canal, Castle of St. Elmo)
Drawn during his journeys; display his attention to culture, architecture, and scenery.
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F. SCULPTURES
F. SCULPTURES
The Triumph of Science over Death (1890)
The Triumph of Science over Death (1890)
Symbol of enlightenment and rationalism.
The Mother’s Revenge (1894)
The Mother’s Revenge (1894)
Terracotta sculpture from Dapitan showing a mother dog defending her pups from a crocodile—symbolizing the defense of the weak.
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