In this chapter, we discuss the three pillars of operational risk management: capital allocation, transfer of operational risk through insurance, and proactive mitigation of operational risk through product inspection and quality control. Thorough operational risk management will generally involve all three pillars. While the first two pillars are fairly well understood and have been the subject of attention from the Basel Committee and other regulatory bodies, the third pillar is equally important though less familiar to those tasked with operational risk management. Regardless of which pillar an institution elects to rely on for operational risks in general or for a particular operational risk, the procedure to begin managing operational risk is the same.

Every day, in countries across the globe, Milliman works with clients to improve healthcare systems, manage emerging risks, and advance financial security, so millions of people can live for today and plan for tomorrow with confidence.


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Vision is what our clients expect. And our professionals deliver. With no agenda, other than getting it right.Today, Milliman insight is driving decisions that affect millions of people around the world. Our innovative work and pioneering technology are helping revolutionize the financing and delivery of healthcare, the management of risk across complex systems and organizations, and the development of retirement planning and financial risk management solutions.

Today, we are helping organizations take on some of the world's most critical and complex issues, including retirement funding and healthcare financing, risk management and regulatory compliance, data analytics and business transformation.

The Palgrave Macmillan Studies in Banking and Financial Institutions is the longest established book series covering banking and financial topics. The series started in 2005 and since then more than 130 texts have contributed to the series covering an extensive array of contemporary issues spanning financial crises, risk management, types of banking (commercial, cooperative, Islamic) as well as country studies and specific themes that are of interest to academics, bankers and policymakers alike.

As technology advancement has increased, so to have computational applications for forecasting, modelling and trading financial markets and information, and practitioners are finding ever more complex solutions to financial challenges. Neural networking is a highly effective, trainable algorithmic approach which emulates certain aspects of human brain functions, and is used extensively in financial forecasting allowing for quick investment decision making. 

 

 This book presents the most cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI)/neural networking applications for markets, assets and other areas of finance. Split into four sections, the book first explores time series analysis for forecasting and trading across a range of assets, including derivatives, exchange traded funds, debt and equity instruments. This section will focus on pattern recognition, market timing models, forecasting and trading of financial time series. Section II provides insights into macro and microeconomics and how AI techniques could be used to better understand and predict economic variables. Section III focuses on corporate finance and credit analysis providing an insight into corporate structures and credit, and establishing a relationship between financial statement analysis and the influence of various financial scenarios. Section IV focuses on portfolio management, exploring applications for portfolio theory, asset allocation and optimization. 

 

 This book also provides some of the latest research in the field of artificial intelligence and finance, and provides in-depth analysis and highly applicable tools and techniques for practitioners and researchers in this field.

Lou is a seasoned health care finance expert with nearly 30 years of progressive leadership experience at organizations throughout the Northeast. He serves as a key strategic and financial advisor to the President and Chief Executive Officer of MMC, providing the analytical framework and business judgment necessary to evaluate alternative initiatives and help drive operating and financial performance. He has responsibility for budget and reimbursement, financial reporting, supply chain, financial planning, and revenue cycle management.

Prior to joining Maine Medical Center in 2014, Lou was most recently Vice President of Finance and Support Services/Chief Financial Officer at Lawrence + Memorial Corporation/Hospital in New London, Conn. Over the course of his career, Lou has carved out a reputation as a strong leader with high integrity, top-flight communication skills, and a passion for health care.

He has more than 30 years of experience in healthcare in a variety of clinical, academic and leadership roles. He has employed collaboration across multiple enterprises to improve patient satisfaction scores, reduce risk and harm, and strengthen regulatory compliance readiness.

We built the Keeping Data Safe (KDS) framework as part of our information security management system (ISO 27001:2013) to minimise data protection risk. We put in place a clearly-defined accountability programme that protects the personal data we collect. It also ensures we use the data appropriately. Our framework creates accountability by establishing clear roles and responsibilities using the following three groups:

The IGG has operational responsibility with oversight and management over all information governance and information security plans and their delivery across Macmillan. The IGG aims to ensure that Macmillan effectively manages any risks or issues, including ones that the KDS groups identify. This ensures that all operational functions are efficient and in line with Macmillan policies, procedures, legal obligations and best practice requirements.

These groups allow for upward and downward communication regarding information risk between the Keeping Data Safe groups, IGG and IGB. For example, we use these groups to communicate other accountability measures, such as our DPIA process and the integration with Microsoft Forms. We implemented our updated DPIA process in a short time frame, since the KDS groups meet every six weeks. All directorates across Macmillan have successfully adopted the new process. Communicating this new process through the KDS groups brought consistency in approach, application, and training, as all groups received the same messaging. The DPIA process has benefited from the KDS groups, as the groups provide a space where we can learn about impending projects coming through the DPIA process.

We built the Keeping Data Safe (KDS) framework as part of our information security management system (ISO 27001:2013) to minimise data protection risk. We put in place a clearly-defined accountability programme that protects the personal data we collect. It also ensures we use the data appropriately.

We engaged with central Security & Information Business Partner teams and other teams responsible for the creation of enterprise-wide policies to determine how many records management and security improvements could be delivered centrally.

We extend the credit risk valuation framework introduced by Gatfaoui (2003) to stochastic volatility models. We state a general setting for valuing risky debt in the light of systematic risk and idiosyncratic risk, which are known to affect each risky asset in the financial market. The option nature of corporate debt allows then to account for the well-known volatility smile along with two documented determinants, namely stochastic volatility and market risk. Under some regularity conditions, we specify diffusion functionals leading to an asymptotically (relative to time) mean reverting volatility process. The behavior of such a specification is studied along with simulation techniques since debt is valued via a call on the firm assets value. Specifically, our examination resorts to Monte Carlo accelerators to realize related simulations. First, we consider the evolution of stochastic volatility for given parameter values. Then, we assess its impact on both risky debt and the related credit spread.

When a derivative's exposure is collateralized, the "fair-value" is computed as before, but using the overnight index swap (OIS) curve for discounting. The OIS is chosen here as it reflects the rate for overnight secured lending between banks, and is thus considered a good indicator of the interbank credit markets. When the exposure is not collateralized then a credit valuation adjustment, or CVA, is subtracted from this value [5] (the logic: an institution insists on paying less for the option, knowing that the counterparty may default on its unrealized gain); this CVA is the discounted risk-neutral expectation value of the loss expected due to the counterparty not paying in accordance with the contractual terms. This is typically calculated under a simulation framework.[12][13]

While the CVA reflects the market value of counterparty credit risk, additional Valuation Adjustments for debit, funding cost, regulatory capital and margin may similarly be added.[14][15] As with CVA, these results are modeled via simulation as a function of the risk-neutral expectation of (a) the values of the underlying instrument and the relevant market values, and (b) the creditworthiness of the counterparty. Note that the various XVA require careful and correct aggregation to avoid double counting.[16]

Other adjustments are also sometimes made including TVA, for tax, and RVA, for replacement of the derivative on downgrade.[14] FVA may be decomposed into FCA for receivables and FBA for payables - where FCA is due to self-funded borrowing spread over Libor, and FBA due to self funded lending. Relatedly, LVA represents the specific liquidity adjustment, while CollVA is the value of the optionality embedded in a CSA to post collateral in different currencies. CRA, the collateral rate adjustment, reflects the present value of the expected excess of net interest paid on cash collateral over the net interest that would be paid if the interest rate equaled the risk-free rate. As mentioned, the various XVA require careful and correct aggregation to avoid double counting. e24fc04721

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