Abstract: This study provides new evidence on the public-private pay gap by gender in France, focusing on lifetime earnings and the role of part-time work. Using a sequential Expectation-Maximization algorithm to model unobserved heterogeneity on French panel data (2012–2019), the analysis demonstrates that small hourly wage differences between sectors translate into significant lifetime earnings disparities. Women disproportionately benefit from public sector employment due to higher public part-time retention rates relative to men and better compensation for part-time work compared to the private sector. A public lifetime earnings premium exists at least till the median for women, low-educated workers, and older employees, but this advantage declines for highly educated workers due to limited wage progression in the public sector. While gender gaps in lifetime earnings persist across both sectors, they are 13\% smaller across lifetime earnings quantiles in the public sector, underscoring its role in mitigating income volatility and gender inequality. By integrating part-time work into a lifetime earnings model this study reveals how sectoral dynamics interact with gender and education. The findings highlight the need for policies that address structural barriers to wage growth in the public sector while leveraging its stabilizing role to reduce economic disparities.

Abstract: This paper explores the extent to which job-to-job transitions correlate with monetary incentives in the French labor market from 2011-2019. We employ k-means clustering to categorize firms and Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithms to classify workers, incorporating occupational data to refine worker classification. Building on the AKM (Abowd, Kramarz, and Margolis) literature, we re-evaluate the extent to which previously identified worker effects can be attributed to occupational choices instead. 

Abstract: This study examines the impact of privatization on female full-time employment, with implications for UN SDG 5 on gender equality. Using forecasted treatment effects and bootstrapping, data from 1997-2007 are analyzed to estimate the Average Treatment Effect on female full-time employment. Deterministic trends forecast counterfactual outcomes, while bootstrapping estimates the ATE's confidence intervals. Findings reveal a significant decline in female full-time employment post-privatization. This case study highlights the importance of considering gender costs in privatization policies and underscores the need for robust methods in policy analysis. Further research should explore long-term implications and mechanisms affecting gender equality.