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Rhumba, also known as ballroom rumba, is a genre of ballroom music and dance that appeared in the East Coast of the United States during the 1930s. It combined American big band music with Afro-Cuban rhythms, primarily the son cubano, but also conga and rumba. Although taking its name from the latter, ballroom rumba differs completely from Cuban rumba in both its music and its dance. Hence, authors prefer the Americanized spelling of the word (rhumba) to distinguish between them.[1][2][3]

Although the term rhumba began to be used by American record companies to label all kinds of Latin music between 1913 and 1915, the history of rhumba as a specific form of ballroom music can be traced back to May 1930, when Don Azpiaz and his Havana Casino Orchestra recorded their song "El manisero" (The Peanut Vendor) in New York City.[5] This single, released four months later by Victor, became a hit, becoming the first Latin song to sell 1 million copies in the United States.[6][7] The song, composed by Moiss Simons, is a son-pregn arranged, in this case, for Azpiaz's big band featuring three saxophones, two cornets, banjo, guitar, piano, violin, bass, and trap drums.[8] With vocals by Antonio Machn and a trumpet solo (the first one in the recorded history of Cuban music) by Remberto Lara, the recording, arranged by saxophonist Alfredo Brito, attempted to adapt the Cuban son to the style of ballroom music prevalent at the time in the East Coast.[6]

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Soon, Azpiaz's style was followed by other Cuban artists such as Armando Orfiche and the Lecuona Cuban Boys, who had extensive international tours in the 1930s. Their style has been often described as ballroom conga, since they used to borrow conga rhythms in songs such as "Para Vigo me voy".[9] Among their numerous hits were boleros and canciones such as "Amapola" and "Siboney".[10] This music movement, which also included many American big bands that covered Latin standards, was dubbed the rhumba craze. Notable bandleaders of the rhumba craze include Xavier Cugat, Jimmy Dorsey, Nathaniel Shilkret, Leo Reisman and Enric Madriguera.[6] Rhumba was also incorporated into classical music, as exemplified by symphonic pieces by composers such as George Gershwin, Harl McDonald and Morton Gould.[3]

The kind of rhumba introduced into dance salons in America and Europe in the 1930s was characterized by variable tempo, sometimes nearly twice as fast as the modern ballroom rumba, which was developed as a dance in the 1940s and 1950s, when the original music movement had died down. Nonetheless, the rhumba craze would be the first of three Latin music crazes in the first half of the 20th century, together with the mambo craze and the cha-cha-cha craze.

Two variations of rhumba with opposing step patterns are danced around the world. American style rumba was imported to America by band directors like Emil Coleman and Don Aspiaz between 1913 and 1935. The film Rumba, released in 1935, brought the style to the attention of the general public. American style rhumba is taught in a box step, known for its slow-quick-quick pattern danced on the 1, 3, and 4 beats of 4-beat music. International style rhumba was developed in Europe by Monsieur Pierre after he compared the established American style with contemporary Cuban dancers. International style is taught in a quick-quick-slow pattern danced on the 2, 3, and 4 beats of 4 beat music, similar in step and motion to the cha-cha-cha.[11] Both styles were canonized in 1955.

The international ballroom rumba is a slower dance of about 120 beats per minute which corresponds, both in music and in dance, to what the Cubans of an older generation called the bolero-son. It is easy to see why, for ease of reference and for marketing, rhumba is a better name, however inaccurate; it is the same kind of reason that led later on to the use of salsa as an overall term for popular music of Cuban origin.[citation needed]

After becoming popular in the United States, Cuban rumba became simplified and Americanized. The style evolved to fit the format of ballroom dancing, and the resulting fusion style was known as rhumba.

rumba is a style of music and dance developed in Cuba, set to syncopated, duple meter rhythms. It uses polyrhythmic music of African origins such as African slave songs, and other Latin influences such as Abakua, coros de clave and son cubana .

The rumba definition is multi-faceted because of the word's origins and how rumba itself has evolved to mean many different things. What is rumba? Rumba refers to a music style, rumba rhythm, traditional and ballroom dance style, and a generalized term for Afro-Cuban music in the 20th century before the popularity of other Latin-American dance styles. The word rumba itself is a Cuban word for "party".

In its totality, rumba is a style of dance set to syncopated duple-meter rhythms and music of African origins such as African slave songs, and other Latin influences such as Abaku, coros de clave and son cubana. The music, dance, and rumba rhythm all go by the same name, and one element of rumba performance rarely exists without the other. In modern music, the term rumba also refers to the secular (non-religious) music genre of which rumba dance music has its influence.

Rumba is a lot like American pop, in that the term "pop" is a blanket term for a wide variety of music that shares a few key characteristics. Within the pop genre are an uncountable number of sub-types and styles of music. Just as all pop songs have catchy lyrics in common, all rumba songs share a common rumba rhythm regardless of sub-type.

All rumba styles such as guaguanc, Columbia, and yambu are Afro-Cuban musical styles with direct African descent. The rumba rhythm is a variation of a standard African rhythmic pattern and clave rhythm. The rhythm is more a jazz adaptation that fits into the western classical rhythmic notation and sounds quite different from the original source rhythms.

If there's a party in Cuba, there's going to be rumba dancing and music. It's only natural, given that the word rumba used to be used as Cuban slang for party. Nowadays it's used more to describe a secular music (that's music not for church) genre that accompanies a specific type of dance. You might think of it like a Cuban version of other countries' traditional dances, like the Charleston in the United States or Cossack dance in Russia.

African musical traditions and traditional African dance were imported to Cuba by the enslaved people of the island and combined with the folk melodies of the Spanish colonizers. Historian Maya Roy describes the rumba origin as "a Spanish legacy Africanized in the Cuban crucible."

Much of the African rhythms and musical traditions borrowed to create rumba are based on polyrhythmic patterns. Polyrhythmic music incorporates multiple layers of different rhythms that move independently of each other and often complement each other. Modern rumba history is built on the idea of polyrhythm and danceable syncopated rhythms. Polyrhythm in rumba can be accomplished by two or more instruments within the ensemble playing different rhythms simultaneously, such as the claves playing the rumba rhythm while the congas play different complementary rhythms at the same time.

Rumba began as a music and dance style for the working class and enslaved population. By the 20th century, it had become the national music style of Cuba. In the 1920s, Cuban composers and bandleaders began combining the sounds of rumba and son, a dance and music style with similar origins to rumba. The resulting fusion was called rumba de salon, which became extremely popular in Europe.

By 1930, rumba became popular in the United States with an Americanized version of the style. This American rumba style, called rhumba, is often considered simplistic compared to the Cuban rumba after moving from the streets to the ballroom.

Rumba songs in popular music and traditional Cuban rumba are quite different. In the 1950s, the tourism and nightclub industry evolved and grew as well as the rumba and Cuban dance scene. Traditional rumba began evolving and also began being replaced in some instances with the Mambo and other Latin dance styles.

The most influential rumba groups are Los Muequitos de Matanzas and Los Papines. Los Muequitos are the most famous rumba group in Cuba. Established in 1952, the group toured the United States in the 1990s and early 2000s until travel restrictions were placed on them in 2001. Los Papines was formed in 1962 by Ricard Abreu and his brothers Luis, Alfredo, and Jesus. The group toured and performed with some of the world's best Latin musicians including Tito Puente and Arturo Sandoval. Los Papines won a Latin Grammy in 2001 for their work in the genre.

Rumba refers to a music style, rumba rhythm, traditional and ballroom dance style, and a generalized term for Afro-Cuban music in the 20th century before the popularity of other Latin-American dance styles. In its totality, rumba is a style of dance developed in Cuba, set to syncopated duple meter rhythms and polyrhythmic music of African origins such as African slave songs, and other Latin influences like Abaku, coros de clave and son cubana.

The rumba uses the rumba rhythm, a binary meter rhythm with a 3+3+2 grouping. Instruments in rumba ensembles include the claves, Cajn, congas, Bat, Shekere, Cat, and Campaas. Rumba's most influential artists include Chano Pozo, Carlos Vidal Bolado, Los Muequitos de Matanzas, and Los Papines. After becoming popular in the United States, rumba became Americanized and evolved into rhumba, a simplified ballroom dance version of the original Cuban rumba. Rumba continues to be a national music and dance style of Cuba and Afro-Cuban culture. ff782bc1db