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Comprehension involves both understanding what the words mean while putting them together to make meaning of them. The whole process is how readers make sense of the text in front of them.
Implications for Reading
Comprehension is important for reading because this is where the meaning of the text comes from. It is one thing to know what the text says but another thing to understand what it means. This involves higher order thinking to make inferences and predictions while trying to process what the writer wants to communicate with these words.
Strategies
When working with comprehension skills, there are strategies that should be used before reading, during reading, and after reading. By checking understanding at all 3 stages of reading, students have the opportunity to make sure they are comprehending. This also allows teacher to make sure students know what they are reading and can clear things up throughout the process. Before reading strategies are used to activate prior knowledge before starting the reading. During reading strategies are used to aid in making connections while reading and ask questions. After reading strategies are used to summarize what was read and discuss.
Before Reading Strategies
Anticipation Guide
Anticipation Guide
Students respond whether they agree or disagree with a statement prior to reading. They then on the right side fill in whether they agree or disagree after reading. This allows students to challenge their thoughts as they read more. It also adds purpose to the reading.
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Concept Sort
Concept Sort
Giving students cards with names of characters or places as well as problems and solutions to sort into the right categories could be a strategy for a book. This could also be used to introduce new terms that might be found in the reading.
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First Lines
First Lines
Students use the first sentence of the reading to predict what the reading will be about. After reading, the students will look at their predictions and discuss them in relation to what the reading was actually about.
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During Reading Strategies
Jigsaw
Jigsaw
Students are in small groups and each of them has a topic that they are the "expert" on. They then teach each other about their topic.
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Story maps
Story maps
This graphic organizer is used to help students keep track of story elements as they read.
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SQ3R
SQ3R
Students should first survey the reading by looking for any text features that might jump out. Then write down any questions they come up with from previewing the reading. Students then read to find the answers, recite the answers and review their notes to make sure they make sense.
Watch the video above
After Reading Strategies
Exit Slips
Exit Slips
Asking questions at the end of the class about a discussion or reading can help students summarize and retain information. This also helps the teacher check understanding.
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Frame Routine
Frame Routine
This is a visual aid to help students identify the essential details that make up the main ideas. This leads to understanding the big idea. Students could rank the main ideas by importance and discuss throughout exploring the main ideas.
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Summarizing
Summarizing
Have students write the main points of the reading. In this example, students are told they have a budget of $2.00 and each word costs 10 cents. They need to summarize their reading while sticking to a $2.00 budget.
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Interventions
Project Read
Project Read
Tier: 1,2 &3
Garde: 4-12
Small Groups
This is a multi-sensory program with a variety of text types. This helps students learn to understand different writing types.
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Rewards
Rewards
Tier: 2&3
Grade: 4 - 12
whole group or small group
This program focuses on passages related to content areas. This helps to make the reading relevant to what is being taught in other content areas as well as helping students learn comprehension skills to use when reading content vs reading literature.
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Read 180
Read 180
Tier: 2 & 3
Grade: 3 - 12
small groups
This program features interactive books as well as prompts for group discussions. This promotes individual reading with group discussions which enhance comprehension.
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Corrective Reading
Corrective Reading
Tier: 3
Grade: 3- Adult
Small or Whole
This program has a decoding and comprehension curriculum. Within that curriculum is 3 different levels.
A: focuses on higher order thinking and increased vocab
B: focuses on cross-curricular comprehension
C: applies analytical skills to real life situations and making inferences
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Fountas and Pinnell
Fountas and Pinnell
Tier: 3
Grade: K-6
small group
This program features leveled reading books and allows students to read in groups by level. Each guided reading group is facilitated by the teacher to fit the needs of the students.
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Formal Assessments
Gray Oral Reading Test 5th Edition (GORT-5)
Author: J. Lee Wederholt & Brian R. Bryant
Age: 6yrs 0 months - 23 yrs 11 months
Time: 20 - 30 minutes
Cost: $311
This test measures fluency and comprehension through 16 passages read out loud each followed by 5 comprehension questions.
GORT-5 Gray Oral Reading Test 5th Edition (pearsonassessments.com)
Test of Reading Comprehension 4th Edition (TORC-4)
Author: Virginia L. Brown, Donald D. Hammil, et al.
Age: 7 yrs 0 months - 17 yrs 11 months
Time: 25 minutes
Cost: $298
This test measure silent reading comprehension and is broken down into 5 sub tests.
Rational Vocabulary - Silently read 3 words and choose 2 words from the list that are associated with the 3 that were read.
Sentence Completion - Silently read sentence and fill in blank from the list.
Paragraph Construction - Silently read out of order sentences and arrange into a logical order.
Text Comprehension- Silently read passage and answer 5 questions about each.
Contextual Fluency- There is a passage in all capitals without spaces or punctuation. The student needs to draw a line to separate out every word that they identify.
(TORC-4) Test of Reading Comprehension, Fourth Edition (wpspublish.com)
Informal Assessments
Reading Checks
Reading Checks
Have a student read a short reading passage. After they read the passage, begin asking questions about the passage for the student to answer.
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Retelling
Retelling
The student reads a short passage out loud. The student then retells the story in their own words.
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It is important to consider in both of these assessments, that prior knowledge plays a role in comprehension. Giving a variety of texts will provide better results.
Apps
Readability
Readability
This is a free app for a subscription program. The focus is around vocabulary and comprehension and has features for 1:1 tutors.
Noggin
Noggin
This is a free app with a monthly subscription. The games and books feature characters from kids shows making the activities engaging. There are also features for parents to learn strategies for reading comprehension practice with their kids.
Epic!
Epic!
This app is free with in app purchases. The stories are interactive and ask comprehension questions throughout to practice. There are also badges to earn making this a motivational app.
News-O-Matic
News-O-Matic
This app is available for free on both apple and google. The app provides articles on events of what happened on this day in history as well as discussion prompts and activities that go along with the article.
Light Sail
Light Sail
This app is available for both google and apple devices. This is a free library of interactive books for all levels and interests. Through the diagnostics, students can get personalized libraries. There are comprehension questions embedded in the readings to practice comprehension as they read.
References:
Classroom strategies. AdLit. (n.d.). Retrieved May 7, 2022, from https://www.adlit.org/in-the-classroom/strategies
Comprehension. Reading Rockets. (n.d.). Retrieved May 7, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/literacyapps/comprehension
Corrective reading 2008. McGraw Hill. (n.d.). Retrieved May 7, 2022, from https://www.mheducation.com/prek-12/program/corrective-reading-2008/MKTSP-URA04M0.html?page=1&sortby=title&order=asc&bu=seg
Explicit, systematic, short-term literacy intervention. REWARDS Reading Intervention | Voyager Sopris Learning. (n.d.). Retrieved May 7, 2022, from https://www.voyagersopris.com/literacy/rewards/overview
Fountas & Pinnell Classroom™ guided reading collection. Fountas and Pinnell. (n.d.). Retrieved May 7, 2022, from https://www.fountasandpinnell.com/fpc/guidedreading/
Informal reading inventory (qualitative reading inventory). Reading Rockets. (2013, November 19). Retrieved May 8, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/article/informal-reading-inventory-qualitative-reading-inventory
Language Circle Enterprises. (2021, December 2). Project read - story form comprehension. Language Circle Enterprises. Retrieved May 7, 2022, from https://www.projectread.com/story-form-comprehension/
Literacy development solution to promote Lexile reading growth. LightSail Education. (2022, April 8). Retrieved May 7, 2022, from https://lightsailed.com/
Read 180 universal program: 3-12 reading intervention curriculum: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Read 180 Universal Program | 3-12 Reading Intervention Curriculum | Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. (2019, January 29). Retrieved May 7, 2022, from https://www.hmhco.com/programs/read-180-universal#overview
Torgesen, J. K., & McLane, K. (2021, June 1). Assessment: In practice. Reading Rockets. Retrieved May 8, 2022, from https://www.readingrockets.org/teaching/reading101-course/modules/assessment/assessment-practice
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