Cosmic Microwave Background Revisited
The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Radiation Revisited
Omar Shabsigh, Professor, PhD.
Abstract
I have reached a big breakthrough in cosmology about the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation.
Scientists describe the CMB as the remnant radiation from the big bang, and is estimated at having been released 300 000 years after the Big Bang.
Some cosmologists call the CMB an “echo” from the early expansion phase of the universe. The word “echo” means: repeat, ricochet, sound coming back, bounce back and it is not comprehensible why it was used in the context of CMB radiation at the time.
A paper published by Berkley University states that the CMB radiation fills the universe. But nobody up till now has explained why it fills the universe.
In my article, we shall show why the CMB radiation still fills the universe. A new astounding result will come up which will be a breakthrough in the understanding of the UNIVERSE, that will eventually solve many other questions like dark energy, for one.
Foreword
The discovery of the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) by Penzias and Wilson in 1965 [1] gave a breakthrough in understanding the universe and in consolidation of the big bang theory even if at the time this link was clear. The only information about this radiation at the time was that it came from all directions in the sky at all times and its frequency spectrum.
To get more information about the radiation a balloon was sent up in the atmosphere with instruments to measure it. Later in the nineties [2], a satellite called the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) was launched by NASA to get a complete map of the CMBR. This experiment showed small variations in the CMBR intensity (temperature of the order of 0.001% equivalent to temperature variations of only 30 millionths of a degree. [3]
In contrast with [4], I believe that a correct interpretation of the CMBR will lead us to the correct constitution of the universe.
[5] Asks “Is there still room for other explanations and interpretations of the CMBR?” and we say yes as will come later in this research paper. [5] And others use the following terminology to describe the CMBR: diffuse radio radiation – fossil – 3k radiation. The last two can be acceptable: fossil to denote the remnant radiation from the big bang, and 3k to denote the absolute temperature of the CMBR.
The adjective “diffuse” cannot be physically acceptable because nobody can explain why the CMBR should diffuse or what makes it diffuse. After the first release of the CMBR at about 370,000 after the big bang, how come it is still there around us?
I have been always fascinated by the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR). What drew my attention in nearly everything I studied is that scientists studying the phenomenon were all obsessed with using very complicated mathematics and theories to understand it without showing clearly why they are doing so. There are some basic proven facts about the propagation of electromagnetic waves. Using these we can very easily reach important results.
Reaching out to the real Important Facts about the CMBR
Knowledge of the universe has advanced in large strides since the second half of the twentieth century.
In this paper, I shall stick to the only valid principle for getting to reality in physics and related physical sciences namely: Only when a measurement had been checked, double-checked, triple checked and cross-checked might it just about earn the title of fact.
Most of what was published about the cosmos satisfies the criterion mentioned above. Finding part of the history of the universe by looking at and measuring the oldest galaxies observable is correct. However the extrapolation of the history of the universe to times nearer to the Big Bang is a kind of mathematical estimation which could be or cannot be verified in the future.
The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation is a reality because it has been measured. Scientists describe the CMB as the remnant radiation from the Big Bang, and is estimated at having been released 300 000 years after the Big Bang.
But for the doubters of the Big Bang theory, I shall say that it is irrelevant whether it is correct or not, the CMB radiation does exist. What we are going to show here applies always with or without the big bang theory.
Some cosmologists call the CMB an “echo” from the early expansion phase of the universe. The word “echo” means: repeat, ricochet, sound coming back, bounce back and it is not comprehensible why it was used in the context of CMB radiation at the time.
A paper published by Berkley University [6] states that the CMB radiation fills the universe.
Robert Wilson and Arno Penzias who discovered the microwave (CMB) radiation only declared that it had a constant level and was coming from all directions of the sky day and night. The frequency of the incoming signal peaked at 160 GHz [1 millimeter wavelength]. They did not say how it was for this radio signal to come from all directions.
George Smoot and his colleagues discovered a variation in the CMB level. The radiation coming from one half of the sky had a wavelength that was 1 part in 1000 longer than the wavelength of radiation coming from the other opposite half of the sky. Nobody gave a satisfactory explanation about this fact.
Some sources call the change in CMB level “a fluctuation” which is wrong. Fluctuations indicate a change with time. The correct term should be change or variation.
In [7] we read the following: “The temperature anisotropies of the CMB detected by COBE are believed to result from inhomogenities in the distribution of matter at the epoch of recombination.” without explaining the reason but saying “are believed” Which means supposition. In the same reference we read “This lends credence to the interpretation of the observed anisotropies as the result of density perturbations which seeded the formation of galaxies and clusters.” was given as a supposition, without explaining the reason. Another statement “The discovery of temperature anisotropies by COBE provides evidence that such density inhomogenities existed in the early universe, perhaps caused by quantum fluctuations in the scalar field of inflation or by topological defects resulting from a phase transition” is completely wrong.
Proof of what CMB radiation is:
a) Facts:
b) Analysis:
Taking a simple example with analogy to light propagation, simple geometry tells us that in the case of a single pulse of light, if the light source is at the centre of a reflecting spherical mirror, it will travel to the inner reflecting surface of the mirror and then will be reflected back to the centre of the sphere and it will seem to be coming from all directions. Light will then reflect back from the inner reflecting surface and go to the centre of the sphere and continue reverberating back and forth in the universe.
For the CMB radiation to be detected from all directions it should have traveled out to a surrounding reflecting sphere and reflected back to the inside of the universe and that is the radiation we are detecting on Earth from all directions in the sky and this is the only scientific way to have the CMB radiation come from all directions.
Result 1: We are in a universe surrounded by a spherical, highly reflective expanding (like a bubble) envelope.
The CMB radiation will continue propagating to the opposite wall of the sphere and with time will be reflected back again. It will go on reverberating in the universe for billions of years being constantly attenuated by collisions with galaxies in its path. A proof of these collisions is the level of variations noticed in the CMB radiation. These variations can only be explained as caused by the CMB radiation passing different galaxies and losing energy when hitting these galaxies while coming back to us from the border of the universe. The CMB radiation we see is not the one coming directly from the Big Bang as already mentioned above.
As the CMB is traveling at the speed of light which is higher than the speed of expansion of the universe, then this reflection and consequently reverberation of the CMB radiation has been going on for billions of years.
Another proof is the difference in the shift detected in the map from COBE in opposite directions of the universe. This can be explained as follows:
The nature of the reflecting expanding spherical envelope cannot be exactly known but its properties are evident. The nature of the CMB radiation says that the reflecting surface should be highly reflexive of electromagnetic waves at the frequencies of these waves. Electromagnetic waves with a length of about 1 millimeter, as in the CMB radiation, need a highly compact reflective surface with surface roughness better than 10 microns to be effective.
This surface can be either a very highly ionized gas surrounding the universe or a solid highly conductive metal.
Up till now all that we said in this paper is a solid fact depending on the characteristics of the propagation of electromagnetic (radio) waves as is well known in telecommunications engineering. With engineering principles there are no doubts or theorizing. This result is not theory but a practical fact in as much as Penzias and Wilson were doing there engineering work.
Shall we ever know? We can theorize.
Let’s do some. Cosmologists Talk about a dark energy pulling the universe out making it expand. Couldn’t that be the gravity of an extremely massive envelope of the universe pulling all the matter of the universe? That would lead me to the nature of the material of the SKY (the envelope of the universe). Can we go on theorizing for something that most probably will never be proven? To be so conductive and massive, I would tend to say that it should be of a solid highly conductive very heavy metal.
Result 2: This result tells us that the universe is finite and expanding at the same time and has a material boundary.
When did this envelope of the universe appear? Was it there when the big bang happened? If yes, did the big bang happen in an enclosure? According to the previous discussion, it is evident that the enclosure was there at the time the CMBR was released about 370,000 years after the big bang for it to be reflected, otherwise it would not have been reflected in the first place.
Looking at the size of the universe at that moment, the CMB traveling at the speed of light reached the envelope and was reflected back and continued reverberating in the universe ever since as the universe was expanding.
Final result:
The biggest scientific discovery given by the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) is that the universe is finite and has an expanding highly reflective spherical border. That is an engineering fact.
Linguistically the word sky has many meanings including a border for the universe.
The above result proves that there is a boundary to the universe. A fact that could explain what they call as dark energy working against the gravity of matter in the universe and expanding it probably because of the boundary’s extreme mass. This gives us a new vision of the cosmological model.
This result can give rise to many theories about the future of the universe. For example if the boundary is expanding like a bubble, it should start getting thinner with time. At one time, at the weakest point in its structure it will start to be torn apart and it will burst like the soap bubble in this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0EhEqS3ojsU unfolding down. Going on theorizing we can say that, the universe would collapse at extremely high speed due to its own gravity. Would that lead to a new Big Bang?
[1] Penzias A., Wilson R. (1965) "A measurement of excess antenna temperature at 4080 megacycles/s", Astrophysical Journal 142, pp. 419-421
[2] Mather J. et al. (1990) "A preliminary measurement of the cosmic microwave background spectrum by the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite", ApJ, 354, L37
[3] Smoot G. et al. (1992) "Structure in the COBE differential microwave radiometer first year maps", ApJ, 396, L1
[4] Hu W. et al. (1997) "The physics of microwave background anisotropies", Nature, 386, pp. 37-43
[5] Jean-Marc Bonnet-Bidaud, (2016) “The diffuse light of the universe” Foundation of Physics.
[6]http://cosmology.berkeley.edu/Education/CosmologyEssays/The_Cosmic_Microwave_Background.html
[7] Eric Gewise, Joseph Silk, Physics Rprt 333, 245-267 (2000); the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation