Ramayan 3392 A.D. (formerly called Ramayan Reborn) is a comic book series published by Virgin Comics based upon the Ramayana. It is written by Shamik Dasgupta, the art is by Abhishek Singh, and it is a brainchild of Deepak Chopra and Shekhar Kapur. It features a re-imagining of the historical classic in a post-apocalyptic future.

The Ramayana is an all-popular epic in South and Southeast Asia. It is the story of King Rama who must save his kidnapped wife, Sita. Along the way, it teaches Hindu life lessons. The Ramayana is told and retold orally, through literature (and comic books!), plays, movies and is reference in many other forms of popular culture today.


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The story of the Ramayana has been passed from generation to generation by numerous methods and media. Initially it was passed on orally as an epic poem that was sung to audiences by a bard, as it continues to be today. Over the centuries it has also been written down in numerous languages, creating thousands of different (but related) texts. With the important role that the Ramayana plays in Indian society, and particularly as a teaching tool for dharma and other Hindu concepts, it should not be surprising to discover that the story has also found its way into numerous other media as well. For example, components of the story are regularly performed in song, theater productions, and dance performances. The story can also be found depicted in the plastic arts, and in painting in particular, and continues to be visually recreated to the present day. The faces of Rama, Sita, and Hanuman appear in the every day life of many Indians, and the story has crossed over into media that was not even imagined at the time when the story was composed, such as modern movies, comic books and mass-produced calendars. The Ramayana's popularity has not waned over the centuries. For example, Indian national television filmed a 78 part production of the Ramayana that was shown on Sunday mornings in 1987 and 1988. The television series was so popular that the country came to a virtual stop as nearly everyone who could gain access to a television stopped what they were doing to watch the televised adventures of Rama.

ACK has sold over ninety million comic books, demonstrating their enormous popularity in India. But to many Indians, they are more than just entertainment. For generations of Indian children, they have been the primary way in which they learned the great foundational stories of Indian culture.

Crime novelist and screenwriter Ashok K Banker has had a mixed history with comic books. Back in 2010, DC Comics purchased an original graphic novel script of his called Becoming Kali and the film rights were purchased for development by Warner Bros the year afterwards. But the comic wasn't published and the film didn't happen. And Banker went on with his other films and novels, of which he has seen over seventy published in his long career.

Now it seems he is returning to the medium of comics, from an Indian publisher this time, Campfire, with Prince of Ayodhya, an adaptation of the first book of his eight-part Ramayana series. He talked through the reductive process to the New Indian Express, saying of the original novels,

(Offered as HIST 273 [AS/TC/TE/TR/TS/P/C] and ASLC 273 [SA]) Are myth and history related? Do scholars interpret literature to write history? What happens when stories travel through time and across oceans? Do epics migrate with people? We answer these questions through the Ramayana, one of the most famous epics in the world. It is a fascinating story of violence, exile, love, loss, and redemption known by people in South and Southeast Asia and those in the diaspora. This course begins with the oldest Ramayana story written two thousand years ago by Valmiki in Sanskrit. It then explores Ramayanas across time in Old Javanese, Hindi, and Tamil as well as in comic books, films, and on TV. This course ultimately draws attention to the global power of stories that animated the distant historical past and continue to enchant the present. Two meetings per week.

For the commercially-oriented, all the viewers are sitting ducks - an entire industry can survive on their addiction to the serial. Video cassettes of the serial sell like hot cakes; books on the epic report a spurt in sales; an entire range of Ramayana comic books butts its way into book stalls; eager children lap up neatly packaged toys like gadas (maces), bows and arrows and image-conscious companies hold Ramayana contests. The uses to which Ramayana can be put to is limited only by the imagination of the entrepreneur.

For children, the choice is even wider. The leader of the comic books pack, Amar Chitra Katha (ACK) of India Book House, competes with other illustrated versions of varying quality. The editor Anant Pai, says ACK has registered a 20-per cent increase in the sale of its 16 Ramayana-based comics after the telecast of the epic, with The Story of Rama selling more than five lakh copies. Pai has now introduced a new series, Amar Katha.

In Delhi, Dreamland Publishers and Arnold Publishers have also got into the act. Dreamland has published a 12-part Ramayana comic series for children - price Rs 60 - with an initial print run of 30,000 copies. Prem Sagar, meanwhile, has tied up with Arnold and brought out an eight-part comics set costing Rs 240, with an initial print run of 5,000. Sagar's royalty: 10 per cent. "The commercial prospects are good," says Mukesh Vazirani, managing director of Arnold.

But the most adventurous scheme of all is that of Sreenivasa Rao of Hyderabad. He has floated a company - appropriately named Raam Ltd. In the works are TV animation films, comics, computer graphics and to top it all, the Hanoomates Club for children. The Mighty Hanuman comics of Raam Ltd will hit the stands in July and Sagar is to pick up 20,000 copies to be given as gifts to his video cassette buyers. The initial print run is put at one lakh, each priced at Rs 10. Rao's turnover target for the first year is a whopping Rs 4 crore, including $ 1 lakh in foreign exchange.

Each club member will receive a card with his personal details inscribed, and it will entitle the youngster to discounts on comics, children's magazines, chocolates, ice-creams, sportswear, and related products. Says Rao: "The card will be a status symbol for the kid: his dad has a credit card, he will have the Hanoomates card."

"The comic Ramayan 3392 is meant to be entertaining, but at the same there are lessons in honour, duty and karma to be learned from it. I'm hopeful we can capture some of those lessons in our game."

The story of Rama, or "Ramayana", has through the centuries influenced not only religious and moral but also cultural, social and political life in south and southeast Asia. The classical version of the story is often seen to be the Sanskrit epic attributed to Valmiki, commonly said to be compiled from the second century BC till the second century CE. However, proof of the popularity of the story are its innumerable retellings not only in Sanskrit but also in local languages, some of which have become regional classics in their own right. Its remarkable persistence is clear from recent transformations in the form of comic book, film, and television versions.In this course, we will compare different versions (mainly south Asian) of the Ramayana, including the widely popular television version. We will concentrate on some of the most famous and controversial passages, with special attention to gender issues. We will incorporate background readings from the most recent research, some of which not yet published. Students will be graded on the basis of class preparation and discussion preparation as well as on their final paper.

Two previous contestants who strutted, puffed, and pumped up their puny muscles provided a comic foil to his evil power. They leered at Sita and one asked cheekily whether lifting Sita would win him the bow. They tugged, pulled, made silly grimaces, and finally defeated, staggered back to their seats. In contrast, Dasagiri danced around the bow, punching the air above his head to demonstrate his demonic strength. He managed to lift the bow, much to the consternation of Sita, but was unable to string it. Lakkhana, the personification of fraternal love, dressed in a glittering gold costume and mask, was the next contestant. He danced gracefully in a wide bow-legged stance, lifted the bow, set it down to string it, and paused, looking first at Sita and then at Rama. He then quietly replaced the bow on its stand. His grandfather was incensed at his failure and threatened to beat him, but Rama prevented it, as he understood the magnitude of Lakkhana's sacrifice. Rama quickly lifted and strung the bow. He aimed it at Dasagiri, who with equal alacrity, jumped onto his chariot...

Children grow up to ideologies based on what is practiced at home, taught in their places of worship, and learn heavily from what their trusted grown-ups, mentors and teachers teach and practice, and not what the comic books portray.

Prejudices in the Indian media have long existed outside of the comic book culture. No one critiques the movies, song sequences, or the directors who make them, including the Mahabharat and Ramayan series that had a cult-like following in the 1990s. Then why pick on something that made classic stories accessible to children? If one hates the classics, I urge them to rewrite them under their own name, and not be armchair critics, and choose to create needless animosity.

Graphic narratives are one of the world's great art forms, but graphic novels and comics from Europe and the United States dominate scholarly conversations about them. Building upon the little extant scholarship on graphic narratives from the Global South, this collection moves beyond a narrow Western approach to this quickly expanding field. By focusing on texts from the Middle East, Africa, Latin America, and Asia, these essays expand the study of graphic narratives to a global scale. 


Graphic Novels and Comics as World Literature is also interested in how these texts engage with, fit in with, or complicate notions of World Literature. The larger theoretical framework of World Literature is joined with the postcolonial, decolonial, Global South, and similar approaches that argue explicitly or implicitly for the viability of non-Western graphic narratives on their own terms. Ultimately, this collection explores the ways that the unique formal qualities of graphic narratives from the Global South intersect with issues facing the study of international literatures, such as translation, commodification, circulation, Orientalism, and many others. 2351a5e196

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