The types of books that the Nazis wanted removed and burned were largely political, with ideologies opposed to Nazism, including books on race and sexuality. One of the first Nazi book burnings took place at a clinic that researched and performed gender confirmation surgery and housed a library of books on the subject.
My understanding is that the legal avenues that legislators and school boards have tried to put in place have no teeth. But they have a great deal of power in diminishing morale and increasing fear. At a time when we're facing an acute teacher shortage, why in the world would we want to threaten and frighten teachers and librarians out of their profession?
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In two new books published this spring, Devon Carbado, the Honorable Harry Pregerson Professor of Law at UCLA School of Law and the former Associate Vice Chancellor of BruinX for Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, continues to share his research and insights on race, justice, and the American legal system.
Carbado was one of four editors for his second book this year, Critical Race Judgments, which uses a novel conceit for the exploration of justice: reimagining Supreme Court decisions through the lens of critical race theory.
Contributors to the volume include a wide range of scholars writing about several key Court decisions, including Brown v. Board of Education, Plessy v. Ferguson, Terry v. Ohio, Dred Scott v. Sandford, Loving v. Virginia, Roe v. Wade, and many others. Professor Crenshaw contributed a chapter to Critical Race Judgments, rewriting the case Washington v. Davis.
For two years PEN America has tracked the growth of this movement, documented in the proliferation of groups advocating for book bans, the spread of mass challenges to long lists of books, the revision of local school district policies and procedures, and the enactment of new legislation and state-level policies. These efforts have led to an escalation in book bans in public schools across states.
This data snapshot reports bans where the initiating action for the ban occurred between July 1 and December 31, 2022. We track instances of books bans at the district-level, meaning one case of a ban is when a book title is removed from access within a school district. PEN America records book bans through publicly available data on district or school websites, news sources, Public Records Requests, and school board minutes.
PEN America defines a school book ban as any action taken against a book based on its content and as a result of parent or community challenges, administrative decisions, or in response to direct or threatened action by lawmakers or other governmental officials, that leads to a previously accessible book being either completely removed from availability to students, or where access to a book is restricted or diminished.
School book bans take varied forms, and can include prohibitions on books in libraries or classrooms, as well as a range of other restrictions, some of which may be temporary. Book removals that follow established processes may still improperly target books on the basis of content pertaining to race, gender, or sexual orientation, invoking concerns of equal protection in education. For more details, please see the first edition of Banned in the USA (April 2022).
The banning of a single book title can mean anything from one to hundreds of copies pulled from libraries or classrooms in a school district; often, the same title is banned in libraries, classrooms, or both in a district. PEN America does not count these duplicate book bans in its unique title tally, but does acknowledge each separate ban in its overall count.
Note: categories less than 10% are not reported; categories are developed based on researcher assessment of banned books, categories are matched to individual titles using publisher summaries, Amazon Books and Goodreads, and expert opinions of librarians and authors. These categories are often overlapping; several content areas intersect in most books. Together, the content of banned books illuminates how the movement to censor books affects a diverse and varied set of identities, topics, concepts, and stories.
So far this school year, 11 of the 874 unique titles were banned in ten or more school districts. This list of the most frequently banned books includes a cross section of the content areas presented above, and indicates how efforts to remove books continue to target authors of color and LGBTQ+ authors, as well as books that center LGBTQ+ characters and characters of color.
Each of these titles have been banned in at least 10 or more districts this school year. Among the top eleven books, ten of eleven authors and illustrators are women or non-binary individuals. Four of the books are written by authors of color and four by LGBTQ+ individuals, identities historically underrepresented in publishing and in school libraries.
The graphs below includes the 11 most frequently banned books by the number of school districts to ban the title during the 2021-2022 school year and the number of districts to ban the same title so far in the 2022-23 school year to show how these books are continuously targeted.
The majority of these titles were banned in more districts in 2022-23 than 2021-22. New books can also become sudden targets. For example, Push by Sapphire, a novel that narrates the life of a Black teenage parent who was raped by her father, and Milk and Honey by Rupi Kaur, a poetry collection touching on themes of violence, abuse, love, loss, and femininity, were seldom challenged last school year, but have been removed in at least 10 school districts in just the first half of this school year.
Books banned during the first half of the school year represent a range of titles for intended audiences, with most bans affecting Young Adult (YA) Books. YA books are understood as texts that help students gain knowledge about the contemporary world, their own sense of identity, and social responsibility, and serve as a tool for developing empathy. An overview of the types of books banned so far this school year is below:
Examining the intended readers of books and the kinds of stories most often banned also offers insight into the impact of these book bans on students of all ages. For example, of the 35 picture book titles banned between July and December 2022, 74% (n=26) are stories that feature LGBTQ characters and 46% (n=16) feature characters of color or discuss race and racism. Stories about diverse identities have only recently been added to library shelves; in this moment of escalating book bans, they are some of the prime targets for removal.
Between July and December 2022, instances of individual book bans occurred in 66 school districts in 21 states. PEN America recorded 13 districts in Florida banning books, followed by 12 districts in Missouri, 7 districts in Texas, and 5 districts in both South Carolina and Michigan. Texas districts had the most instances of book bans with 438 bans, followed by 357 bans in Florida, 315 bans in Missouri, and over 100 bans in both Utah and South Carolina.
Across a number of states during the 2022-2023 school year, new laws give decision-makers incentives to take an overly censorious approach to the content, identities, images, and ideas available in classrooms and libraries. Vague language in the laws regarding how they should be implemented, as well as the inclusion of potential punishments for educators who violate them, have combined to yield a chilling effect.
In Florida, for example, a trio of laws enacted this school year bar instruction on sexual orientation or gender identity in kindergarten through third grade (HB 1557), prohibit educators from discussing advantages or disadvantages based on race (HB 7), and mandate that schools must catalog every book on their shelves, including those found in classroom libraries (HB 1467). Due to the lack of clear guidance, these three laws have each led teachers, media specialists, and school administrators to proactively remove books from shelves, in the absence of any specific challenges. In October 2022, the Florida Board of Education also passed new rules that go beyond the language in the laws, to stipulate that teachers found in violation of these bills could have their professional teaching certification revoked.
Per one analysis, more than half of the books pulled in Missouri were about or written by LGBTQ+ people or people of color. One such book banned in multiple districts across Missouri is Milk and Honey by Rupi Kaur, who stated:
The table below provides some examples of how laws in these three states have been interpreted in practice, resulting in a range of books banned. These three states demonstrate how legislation is deepening an environment of censorship, where fear and intimidation leads to an overly cautious response.
Though their impact has yet to be documented in as much detail, several additional state laws passed in 2022 are having an impact on the availability of books in schools, and likely contributing to a chilling effect.
The data on book bans between July and December 2022 presented above demonstrates how the movement to remove books from public schools has continued to gain steam. So far, this school year recorded the highest number of books banned in a school semester, with efforts concentrated in Texas, Florida, and Missouri. Several books, such as Gender Queer, This Book Is Gay, and The Bluest Eye continue to be targets of censorship, while books such as Flamer, Push, and Milk and Honey were more frequently banned this school year than last.
As the movement continues to shift and expand, this fall 2022 snapshot illustrates how the effort to censor specific identities and concepts, mainly LGBTQ+ characters and characters of color or books on race and racism, broadened to also diminish access to books that touch on varied aspects of the human experience, including books on violence, abuse, health, wellbeing, grief, and death. This report also illuminates the increasing role of legislation in driving decision-makers to proactively restrict books, and creating an environment of fear and intimidation. 152ee80cbc
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