Answers To The Mona Lisa Molecule By Karobi Moitra

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How Scientists Solved the Mystery of DNA's Structure

DNA is often called the "Mona Lisa molecule" because its structure is as iconic and intriguing as the famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci. But how did scientists discover the shape and function of this molecule of life? In this article, we will explore the history and challenges behind one of the most important scientific discoveries of the 20th century.

The story begins in 1869, when a Swiss physician named Friedrich Miescher isolated a substance from white blood cells that he called "nuclein". He noticed that this substance had a high phosphorus content and was acidic, unlike proteins. He speculated that nuclein might be involved in heredity, but he did not know its chemical structure.

It took more than 80 years for scientists to unravel the mystery of nuclein, which we now call DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Along the way, many researchers contributed to the puzzle, using different methods and techniques. Some of the key players were:

Erwin Chargaff, who discovered that DNA has equal amounts of adenine (A) and thymine (T), and equal amounts of guanine (G) and cytosine (C), regardless of the source of DNA. This became known as Chargaff's rules.

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty, who showed that DNA is the genetic material that can transform bacteria from one type to another.

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, who confirmed that DNA is the genetic material that can infect bacteria with viruses.

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, who used X-ray crystallography to obtain images of DNA fibers that revealed its helical shape and dimensions.

James Watson and Francis Crick, who used model building and data from other sources to propose the double helix structure of DNA, with complementary base pairs (A-T and G-C) held together by hydrogen bonds.

The breakthrough came on February 28, 1953, when Watson and Crick announced their discovery at a pub in Cambridge, England. They later published their paper in Nature on April 25, 1953, along with papers by Wilkins and Franklin. Watson and Crick acknowledged that they were "stimulated by a knowledge" of Franklin's unpublished data, which they had seen without her permission. Franklin died of ovarian cancer in 1958, before she could receive any recognition for her contribution to the discovery of DNA's structure.

The discovery of DNA's structure opened up new avenues for understanding how genes work and how they are inherited. It also raised ethical questions about the manipulation and ownership of genetic information. DNA has become a symbol of life, identity, and creativity in science, art, and literature. It is truly a "Mona Lisa molecule" that continues to fascinate and inspire us.Here are a few more paragraphs for the article:

How DNA Replicates Itself

One of the implications of DNA's structure is that it can replicate itself with high fidelity. This means that it can make accurate copies of itself, ensuring that the genetic information is passed on from one generation to the next. How does DNA achieve this remarkable feat?

DNA replication is the process by which the genome's DNA is copied in cells. Before a cell divides, it must first copy (or replicate) its entire genome so that each resulting daughter cell ends up with its own complete genome[^1^]. DNA replication occurs during a phase of the cell cycle called S phase (synthesis phase).

DNA replication involves several steps and enzymes. The main steps are:

Initiation: The DNA double helix is unwound by an enzyme called helicase, creating a Y-shaped structure called a replication fork. At the fork, two strands of DNA are separated and ready to be copied.

Elongation: The DNA strands are copied by an enzyme called DNA polymerase, which adds complementary nucleotides (A, T, G, C) to each strand following the base pairing rules. However, DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing strand, so it works differently on the two strands. The leading strand is copied continuously in the same direction as the fork, while the lagging strand is copied discontinuously in short segments called Okazaki fragments, which are later joined by an enzyme called ligase.

Termination: The DNA replication is completed when all the segments of the genome are copied and joined. The result is two identical copies of the original DNA molecule, each with one old strand and one new strand. This is called semi-conservative replication.

DNA replication is a highly regulated and coordinated process that ensures the accuracy and integrity of the genetic information. However, errors and damage can occur during replication or due to environmental factors such as radiation or chemicals. These errors and damage can cause mutations, which are changes in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. Some mutations can be repaired by various mechanisms, but some can persist and affect the function of genes or proteins. Mutations can have positive, negative, or neutral effects on organisms depending on their context and nature. 66dfd1ed39

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