How Helpful Are Quadruple Marker Tests During Pregnancy?

The quadruple marker test is a well-priced prenatal screening performed between the 15th and 20th weeks of pregnancy. It helps evaluate the risk of certain conditions in the foetus, such as Down syndrome, trisomy 18 (Edward’s syndrome), and neural tube defects. 

The quadruple marker test also identifies the presence of multiple foetuses and offers vital information about the health of both the mother and the baby.

During the second trimester, pregnant women are often advised to undergo various medical tests like the quadruple marker test. While it is not a mandatory screening, it offers critical information about the baby’s development. 

The test measures the levels of four specific substances in the mother’s blood, namely, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), unconjugated estriol (uE3), and Inhibin-A. The results are then analysed to assess the potential risks of developmental abnormalities.

What is the Quadruple Marker Test?

The quadruple marker test, or quad screen, is a blood test conducted during the second trimester of pregnancy, usually between the 15th and 20th weeks. Its primary purpose is identification of potential birth defects or chromosomal abnormalities in the developing foetus. By offering valuable insights into foetal health, the quadruple marker test enables early intervention, if required. 

Additionally, some may consider the triple marker test an alternative screening option, although the quadruple marker test usually gives more detailed information. 

What Does the Quadruple Marker Test Measure?

This test analyses the levels of four essential substances present in the mother’s blood:

● Unconjugated estriol (uE3) – A hormone generated by the placenta.

● Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) – A protein produced by the developing fetus.

● Inhibin-A – A hormone released by the placenta.

● Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) – A hormone produced by the placenta.

Why is the Quadruple Marker Test Performed?

The main objective of the quadruple marker test is to evaluate the likelihood of certain congenital abnormalities in the foetus. It serves as a screening tool that estimates the risk rather than providing a conclusive diagnosis.  It identifies potential indicators for the following conditions:

1. Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) – A chromosomal disorder that can lead to intellectual disabilities, developmental delays, and other health issues.

2. Edward’s Syndrome (Trisomy 18) – A severe chromosomal disorder that slows development and causes physical abnormalities. Most pregnancies affected by Edward’s syndrome result in stillbirth, or the baby may survive only a short time after birth.

3. Spina Bifida – A neural tube defect in which the foetal spinal cord fails to close properly. The condition can result in mobility issues, lower limb paralysis, and, in some cases, cognitive impairments.

4. Abdominal Wall Defects – Birth defects occur when abdominal organs, such as the intestines, protrude outside the baby’s body due to incomplete abdominal wall formation.

The accuracy of the quadruple marker test is significant but not absolute. Instead of offering a definitive diagnosis, the test assesses the likelihood of certain conditions, helping identify potential risks. If the test indicates a higher risk, further diagnostic tests, such as amniocentesis, may be recommended to confirm the findings. 

For parents concerned about the health of their unborn child, the quadruple marker test can offer reassurance by providing critical insights into the baby’s development. One can always check the quadruple marker test price before deciding to undergo the test at a reputed pathology lab.