The SWAT-CNP model integrates Century-based terrestrial C/N/P cycling with aquatic C/N/P dynamics based on QUAL2K/CE-QUAL-W2 frameworks. It is an extension of the previously published SWAT-Carbon model (available on the SWAT website).
Key features of the SWAT-CNP model include:
Simulation of POC/N/P, DOC/N/P, and DIC/N/P fluxes from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems.
Sediment C/N/P fluxes modeled using the sediment diagenesis framework developed by Di Toro.
Capability to simulate greenhouse gases, including CO2, CH4, and N2O, from the water surface.
Simulation of both floating and bottom algae communities.
Flexibility to run simulations at hourly to daily time steps.
This comprehensive model provides a robust tool for studying carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus dynamics across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
Zhang, X., Izaurralde, R.C., Arnold, J.G., Williams, J.R. and Srinivasan, R., 2013. Modifying the soil and water assessment tool to simulate cropland carbon flux: model development and initial evaluation. Science of the Total Environment, 463, pp.810-822.
Zhang, X., 2018. Simulating eroded soil organic carbon with the SWAT-C model. Environmental modelling & software, 102, pp.39-48.
Du, X., Zhang, X., Mukundan, R., Hoang, L. and Owens, E.M., 2019. Integrating terrestrial and aquatic processes toward watershed scale modeling of dissolved organic carbon fluxes. Environmental Pollution, 249, pp.125-135.
Qi, J., Du, X., Zhang, X., Lee, S., Wu, Y., Deng, J., Moglen, G.E., Sadeghi, A.M. and McCarty, G.W., 2020. Modeling riverine dissolved and particulate organic carbon fluxes from two small watersheds in the northeastern United States. Environmental Modelling & Software, 124, p.104601.
Qi, J., Zhang, X., Lee, S., Wu, Y., Moglen, G.E. and McCarty, G.W., 2020. Modeling sediment diagenesis processes on riverbed to better quantify aquatic carbon fluxes and stocks in a small watershed of the Mid-Atlantic region. Carbon Balance and Management, 15(1), pp.1-14.
Qi, J., Zhang, X., Yang, Q., Srinivasan, R., Arnold, J.G., Li, J., Waldholf, S.T. and Cole, J., 2020. SWAT ungauged: Water quality modeling in the Upper Mississippi River Basin. Journal of Hydrology, 584, p.124601.
Tijjani, S.B., Qi, J., Giri, S. and Lathrop, R., 2023. Modeling Land Use and Management Practices Impacts on Soil Organic Carbon Loss in an Agricultural Watershed in the Mid-Atlantic Region. Water, 15(20), p.3534.
Liang, K., Qi, J., Zhang, X. and Deng, J., 2022. Replicating measured site-scale soil organic carbon dynamics in the US Corn Belt using the SWAT-C model. Environmental Modelling & Software, 158, p.105553.
Soil water phase changes (Freeze-Thaw) based on heater transfer theory.
Qi, J., Li, S., Li, Q., Xing, Z., Bourque, C.P.A. and Meng, F.R., 2016. A new soil-temperature module for SWAT application in regions with seasonal snow cover. Journal of Hydrology, 538, pp.863-877.
Qi, J., Li, S., Li, Q., Xing, Z., Bourque, C.P.A. and Meng, F.R., 2016. Assessing an enhanced version of SWAT on water quantity and quality simulation in regions with seasonal snow cover. Water Resources Management, 30(14), pp.5021-5037.
Qi, J., Li, S., Yang, Q., Xing, Z. and Meng, F.R., 2017. SWAT setup with long-term detailed landuse and management records and modification for a micro-watershed influenced by freeze-thaw cycles. Water Resources Management, 31(12), pp.3953-3974.
Qi, J., Zhang, X. and Cosh, M.H., 2019. Modeling soil temperature in a temperate region: A comparison between empirical and physically based methods in SWAT. Ecological Engineering, 129, pp.134-143.
Qi, J., Zhang, X. and Wang, Q., 2019. Improving hydrological simulation in the Upper Mississippi River Basin through enhanced freeze-thaw cycle representation. Journal of Hydrology, 571, pp.605-618.
Wang, Q., Qi, J., Wu, H., Zeng, Y., Shui, W., Zeng, J. and Zhang, X., 2020. Freeze-Thaw cycle representation alters response of watershed hydrology to future climate change. Catena, 195, p.104767.
Wang, Q., Qi, J., Li, J., Cole, J., Waldhoff, S.T. and Zhang, X., 2020. Nitrate loading projection is sensitive to freeze-thaw cycle representation. Water Research, 186, p.116355.
Wang, Q., Qi, J., Qiu, H., Li, J., Cole, J., Waldhoff, S. and Zhang, X., 2021. Pronounced Increases in Future Soil Erosion and Sediment Deposition as Influenced by Freeze–Thaw Cycles in the Upper Mississippi River Basin. Environmental Science & Technology, 55(14), pp.9905-9915.
Qi, J., Lee, S., Du, X., Ficklin, D.L., Wang, Q., Myers, D., Singh, D., Moglen, G.E., McCarty, G.W., Zhou, Y. and Zhang, X., 2021. Coupling terrestrial and aquatic thermal processes for improving stream temperature modeling at the watershed scale. Journal of Hydrology, 603, p.126983.
Qi, J., Zhang, X., McCarty, G.W., Sadeghi, A.M., Cosh, M.H., Zeng, X., Gao, F., Daughtry, C.S., Huang, C., Lang, M.W. and Arnold, J.G., 2018. Assessing the performance of a physically-based soil moisture module integrated within the Soil and Water Assessment Tool. Environmental Modelling & Software, 109, pp.329-341.
Qi, J., Zhang, X., Lee, S., Moglen, G.E., Sadeghi, A.M. and McCarty, G.W., 2019. A coupled surface water storage and subsurface water dynamics model in SWAT for characterizing hydroperiod of geographically isolated wetlands. Advances in Water Resources, 131, p.103380.
Qi, J., Lee, S., Zhang, X., Yang, Q., McCarty, G.W. and Moglen, G.E., 2020. Effects of surface runoff and infiltration partition methods on hydrological modeling: A comparison of four schemes in two watersheds in the Northeastern US. Journal of Hydrology, 581, p.124415.
Lee, S., Qi, J., Kim, H., McCarty, G.W., Moglen, G.E., Anderson, M., Zhang, X. and Du, L., 2021. Utility of Remotely Sensed Evapotranspiration Products to Assess an Improved Model Structure. Sustainability, 13(4), p.2375.
Luyao Zhu, Junyu Qi, Hongquan Wang, Mengmeng Zhou, Yang Ye, Yongjun Li, Cheng Tong, Xiaodong Deng, Shan He, Ke Wang. 2023. Coupling SMAP brightness temperature into SWAT hydrological model for 30-m resolution soil moisture retrievals. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing
The Physiological Processes Predicting Growth model integrated with SWAT to simulate forest biomass and biogeochemical processes
Karki, R., Qi, J., Gonzalez-Benecke, C.A., Zhang, X., Martin, T.A. and Arnold, J.G., 2023. SWAT-3PG: Improving forest growth simulation with a process-based forest model in SWAT. Environmental Modelling & Software, 164, p.105705.
Water, carbon, and nutrients cycling processes for Intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES)
Liang, K., Qi, J., Zhang, X., Emmett, B., Johnson, J.M., Malone, R.W., Moglen, G.E. and Venterea, R.T., 2023. Simulated nitrous oxide emissions from multiple agroecosystems in the US Corn Belt using the modified SWAT-C model. Environmental Pollution, 337, p.122537.
Qi, J., Lee, S., Du, X., Ficklin, D.L., Wang, Q., Myers, D., Singh, D., Moglen, G.E., McCarty, G.W., Zhou, Y. and Zhang, X., 2021. Coupling terrestrial and aquatic thermal processes for improving stream temperature modeling at the watershed scale. Journal of Hydrology, 603, p.126983.
Qi, J., Li, S., Li, Q., Xing, Z., Bourque, C.-A., Meng, F.-R., 2016. A new soil-temperature module for SWAT application in regions with seasonal snow cover. J. Hydrol. 538, 863–877.
Du, X., Shrestha, N.K., Ficklin, D.L., Wang, J., 2018. Incorporation of the equilibrium temperature approach in a Soil and Water Assessment Tool hydroclimatological stream temperature model. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 22 (4), 2343–2357.
Ficklin, D.L., Luo, Y., Stewart, I.T., Maurer, E.P., 2012. Development and application of a hydroclimatological stream temperature model within the Soil and Water Assessment Tool. Water Resour. Res. 48 (1) https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR011256.
Zhang, Y., Qi, J., Pan, D., Marek, G.W., Zhang, X., Feng, P., Liu, H., Li, B., Ding, B., Brauer, D.K. and Srinivasan, R., 2022. Development and testing of a dynamic CO2 input method in SWAT for simulating long-term climate change impacts across various climatic locations. Journal of Hydrology, 614, p.128544.
Modeling streamflow response under changing environment using a modified SWAT model with enhanced representation of CO2 effects https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101547
The DeNitrification-DeComposition model integrated with SWAT to simulate GHG emissions
Qi, J., Li, S., Bourque, C.P.A., Xing, Z. and Meng, F.R., 2018. Developing a decision support tool for assessing land use change and BMPs in ungauged watersheds based on decision rules provided by SWAT simulation. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 22(7), pp.3789-3806.