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In cert-manager, the Certificate resource represents a human readable definitionof a certificate request. cert-manager uses this input to generate a private keyand CertificateRequest resource in order to obtaina signed certificate from an Issuer orClusterIssuer. The signed certificate and privatekey are then stored in the specified Secret resource. cert-manager will ensurethat the certificate is auto-renewed before it expires andre-issued if requested.

A Certificate resource specifies fields that are used to generate certificatesigning requests which are then fulfilled by the issuer type you havereferenced. Certificates specify which issuer they want to obtain thecertificate from by specifying the certificate.spec.issuerRef field.

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Note: If you want to create an Issuer that can be referenced byCertificate resources in all namespaces, you should create aClusterIssuer resource and set thecertificate.spec.issuerRef.kind field to ClusterIssuer.

Note: Take care when setting the renewBefore field to be very close to theduration as this can lead to a renewal loop, where the Certificate is alwaysin the renewal period. Some Issuers set the notBefore field on theirissued X.509 certificates before the issue time to fix clock-skew issues,leading to the working duration of a certificate to be less than the fullduration of the certificate. For example, Let's Encrypt sets it to be one hourbefore issue time, so the actual working duration of the certificate is 89days, 23 hours (the full duration remains 90 days).

When a certificate is issued by an intermediate CA and the Issuer can providethe issued certificate's chain, the contents of tls.crt will be the requestedcertificate followed by the certificate chain.

Additionally, if the Certificate Authority is known, the corresponding CAcertificate will be stored in the secret with key ca.crt. For example, withthe ACME issuer, the CA is not known and ca.crt will not exist in the Secret.The ca.crt value at the time of issuance can be copied to the trust store ofthe application that is using the certificate. However, DO NOT directly mountthe ca.crt value into the application's trust store, as it will be updatedwhen the certificate is renewed (see Trusting certificates for more details).

cert-manager intentionally avoids adding root certificates to tls.crt, because theyare useless in a situation where TLS is being done securely. For more information,see RFC 5246 section 7.4.2which contains the following explanation:

Because certificate validation requires that root keys be distributedindependently, the self-signed certificate that specifies the rootcertificate authority MAY be omitted from the chain, under theassumption that the remote end must already possess it in order tovalidate it in any case.

cert-manager supports requesting certificates that have a number of custom keyusages and extended keyusages. Althoughcert-manager will attempt to honor this request, some issuers will remove, adddefaults, or otherwise completely ignore the request.The CA and SelfSigned Issuer will always return certificates matching the usages you have requested.

Unless any number of usages has been set, cert-manager will set the defaultrequested usages of digital signature, key encipherment, and server auth.cert-manager will not attempt to request a new certificate if the currentcertificate does not match the current key usage set.

additionalOutputFormats is a field on the Certificate spec that allowsspecifying additional supplementary formats of issued certificates and theirprivate key. There are currently two supported additional output formats:CombinedPEM and DER. Both output formats can be specified on the sameCertificate.

The CombinedPEM type will create a new key entry in the resultingCertificate's Secret tls-combined.pem. This entry will contain the PEM encodedprivate key, followed by at least one new line character, followed by the PEMencoded signed certificate chain-

cert-manager will automatically renew Certificates. It will calculate when to renew a Certificate based on the issued X.509 certificate's duration and a 'renewBefore' value which specifies how long before expiry a certificate should be renewed.

spec.duration and spec.renewBefore fields on a Certificate can be used to specify an X.509 certificate's duration and a 'renewBefore' value. Default value for spec.duration is 90 days. Some issuers might be configured to only issue certificates with a set duration, so the actual duration may be different.Minimum value for spec.duration is 1 hour and minimum value for spec.renewBefore is 5 minutes.It is also required that spec.duration > spec.renewBefore.

Once an X.509 certificate has been issued, cert-manager will calculate the renewal time for the Certificate. By default this will be 2/3 through the X.509 certificate's duration. If spec.renewBefore has been set, it will be spec.renewBefore amount of time before expiry. cert-manager will set Certificate's status.RenewalTime to the time when the renewal will be attempted.

When requesting certificates using the ingress-shim, thecomponent ingress-gce, if used, requires that a temporary certificate ispresent while waiting for the issuance of a signed certificate when serving. Tofacilitate this, if the following annotation:

If your application only loads the private key and signed certificate onceat start up, the new certificate won't immediately be served by yourapplication, and you will want to either manually restart your pod withkubectl rollout restart, or automate the action by runningwave. Wave is a Secret controller thatmakes sure deployments get restarted whenever a mounted Secret changes.

With rotationPolicy: Always, a new private key will be generated each time anaction triggers the reissuance of the certificate object (see Actions that willtrigger a rotation of the private keyabove). Note that if the private key secret already exists when creating thecertificate object, the existing private key will not be used, since therotation mechanism also includes the initial issuance.

? We recommend that you configure rotationPolicy: Always on your Certificateresources. Rotating both the certificate and the private key simultaneouslyprevents the risk of issuing a certificate with an exposed private key. Anotherbenefit to renewing the private key regularly is to let you be confident thatthe private key rotation can be done in case of emergency. More generally, it isa good practice to be rotating the keys as often as possible, reducing the riskassociated with compromised keys.

By default, cert-manager does not delete the Secret resource containing the signed certificate when the corresponding Certificate resource is deleted.This means that deleting a Certificate won't take down any services that are currently relying on that certificate, but the certificate will no longer be renewed.The Secret needs to be manually deleted if it is no longer needed.

One particularly common use for certificate authorities is to sign certificates used in HTTPS, the secure browsing protocol for the World Wide Web. Another common use is in issuing identity cards by national governments for use in electronically signing documents.[2]

The clients of a CA are server supervisors who call for a certificate that their servers will bestow to users. Commercial CAs charge money to issue certificates, and their customers anticipate the CA's certificate to be contained within the majority of web browsers, so that safe connections to the certified servers work efficiently out-of-the-box. The quantity of internet browsers, other devices and applications which trust a particular certificate authority is referred to as ubiquity. Mozilla, which is a non-profit business, issues several commercial CA certificates with its products.[4] While Mozilla developed their own policy, the CA/Browser Forum developed similar guidelines for CA trust. A single CA certificate may be shared among multiple CAs or their resellers. A root CA certificate may be the base to issue multiple intermediate CA certificates with varying validation requirements.

In addition to commercial CAs, some non-profits issue publicly-trusted digital certificates without charge, for example Let's Encrypt. Some large cloud computing and web hosting companies are also publicly-trusted CAs and issue certificates to services hosted on their infrastructure, for example IBM Cloud, Amazon Web Services, Cloudflare, and Google Cloud Platform.

Browsers and other clients of sorts characteristically allow users to add or do away with CA certificates at will. While server certificates regularly last for a relatively short period, CA certificates are further extended,[6] so, for repeatedly visited servers, it is less error-prone importing and trusting the CA issued, rather than confirm a security exemption each time the server's certificate is renewed.

Less often, trustworthy certificates are used for encrypting or signing messages. CAs dispense end-user certificates too, which can be used with S/MIME. However, encryption entails the receiver's public key and, since authors and receivers of encrypted messages, apparently, know one another, the usefulness of a trusted third party remains confined to the signature verification of messages sent to public mailing lists.

Worldwide, the certificate authority business is fragmented, with national or regional providers dominating their home market. This is because many uses of digital certificates, such as for legally binding digital signatures, are linked to local law, regulations, and accreditation schemes for certificate authorities.

However, the market for globally trusted TLS/SSL server certificates is largely held by a small number of multinational companies. This market has significant barriers to entry due to the technical requirements.[7] While not legally required, new providers may choose to undergo annual security audits (such as WebTrust[8] for certificate authorities in North America and ETSI in Europe[9]) to be included as a trusted root by a web browser or operating system. e24fc04721