We uncover hidden coding and regulatory information in plant genomes and turn these discoveries into synthetic biology tools for better plants. Using ribosome profiling and other genome-wide approaches, we discover previously unrecognized open reading frames (ORFs), reveal how upstream ORFs (uORFs) regulate translation and diversify protein output, and identify sequence features that control translation efficiency. We are especially interested in how codon composition, including GC content at the third codon position (GC3), can be used to tune protein production. By connecting fundamental discoveries in translational regulation with synthetic biology, we aim to develop predictive principles for controlling gene expression and engineering protein production in plants.