The study emphasizes the prediction of LULC, seasonal LST, and urban thermal field variance (UTFVI) over Ahmedabad city, India using multi date Landsat data. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based Cellular Automata (CA) model is use to predict the LULC, while the XGB Regression model is used to predict seasonal LST of 2025 and 2030. 

This work investigated the variability of LST and SUHI over Ahmedabad city and a study of the last 16 years (2003–2018) confirmed that the city behaves like a semi-arid urban area, with a mean negative SUHI during summer daytime. This negative intensity is ascribed to the rural area's low vegetation activity, dominated by croplands turning into bare lands during the pre-monsoon summer months.

In this study, we quantified the diurnal, seasonal, and interannual variation of SUHI intensity (SUHII) over 150 major Indian cities situated over different climatic zones using MODIS data from 2003 to 2018. The results reveal urban cool islands occurrence over the hot desert, hot steppe, and tropical monsoon climatic zone during daytime in both summer (−0.25 to −0.17°C) and winter (−0.33 to 0.17°C) season.

The trend and magnitude of temperature and precipitation over 139 major Indian cities with respect to different Koppen climatic zones using Climatic Research Unit datasets of last 115 years (1901–2015). The results indicate that the annual and seasonal temperature trend was significantly deceasing over the cities of north western region whereas an increasing trend in the south eastern cities of India.The distribution of precipitation trend is highly heterogeneous and uneven as compared to temperature. The eastern part of India shows decreasing precipitation trend in comparison with the western part.

In the present study, the relationship of LST and surface urban heat island (SUHI) with the degree of impervious surface (IS) and green spaces (GS) in four rapidly growing Indian cities is presented. This study utilizes different geospatial techniques, including urban-rural gradient analysis, surface urban heat island estimation using Landsat OLI/TIRS data.