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The 2005 Maharashtra floods impacted many parts of the Indian state of Maharashtra including large areas of the metropolis Mumbai, a city located on the coast of the Arabian Sea, on the Western coast of India, in which approximately 1,094 people died. It occurred just one month after the June 2005 Gujarat floods. The term 26 July, is used to refer to the day when the city of Mumbai came to a standstill due to flooding.

Many people were stranded on the roads, lost their homes while many walked long distances back home from work that evening. The floods were caused by the eighth heaviest-ever recorded 24-hour rainfall figure of 944 mm (37.17 inches) which lashed the metropolis on 26 July 2005, and intermittently continued for the next day. 644mm (25.35 inches) was received within the 12-hour period between 8 am and 8 pm. Torrential rainfall continued for the next week. The highest 24-hour period in India was 1,168 mm (46.0 inches) in Aminidivi in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep on 6 May 2004 although some reports suggest that it was a new Indian record. The previous record high rainfall in a 24-hour period for Mumbai was 575 mm (22.6 inches) in 1974.

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Only 3 'outfalls' (ways out to the sea) are equipped with floodgates whereas the remaining 102 open directly into the sea for more than 24 hours. As a result, there is no way to stop the seawater from rushing into the drainage system during high tide.

In 1990, an ambitious plan was drawn to overhaul the city's storm water drainage system which had never been reviewed in over 50 years. A project costing approximately 6 billion rupees was proposed by UK based consultants hired by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation to study the matter. Implementation of the project would have ensured that rainwater did not flood the streets of Mumbai. The project was planned to have completed by 2002 and aimed to enhance the drainage system through larger diameter storm water drains and pipes, using pumps wherever necessary and removing encroachments. The project, if implemented would have doubled the storm water carrying capacity to 50 mm per hour.

The floods have been the subject of research by scientists and social scientists attempting to understand the causes, impacts, and short/long term consequences. Scholars have studied the floods in Mumbai from the perspectives of climate change, disaster management / mitigation, urban health, vulnerability and adaptation, hydrology, environmental degradation and encroachment etc. Kapil Gupta (2007) assesses urban flood resilience, while Andharia (2006) contrasts the "widespread acts of generosity and altruism" in Mumbai with the general social disorder that was seen in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. Aromar Revi (2005) draws lessons from the floods for prioritising multi-hazard risk mitigation. Parthasarathy (2009) links social and environmental insecurities to show that the most marginalised groups were also the most affected by the floods.

The rainfall led to flooding in areas of south Mumbai such as Churchgate, Fort, Oval Maidan, Charni Road, Girgaum Chowpatty, Masjid station, J.J. Hospital, Breach Candy, Haji Ali, Hindmata junction among others. While the last location is prone to flooding every monsoon, the rest are never known to flood. Residents of south Mumbai, one of the original seven islands, have not experienced flooding even during the deluge of 2005 when Colaba observatory had recorded only 73.4 mm rainfall.

Activists and experts state that what caused the severity of floods this year was a combination of natural and man-made factors. The South Mumbai area has seen work on two important infrastructure projects commence in recent years including the coastal road project and Metro phase-III. Both the projects, together worth billions of rupees, have been staunchly opposed by environmentalists for their ill-impact on local ecology.

After facing criticism year after year for shoddy roads and footpaths, this year, Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) has infact increased area under concrete. According to its budget for the ongoing financial year, 266 km worth of roads are proposed to be improved using concrete, which is nearly four times the 65-km in 2019-20, and 13 times the 20-km in 2018-19. Besides, the civic body has started concretisation of footpaths using the likes of stencil concrete instead of paver blocks for better durability. Bhathena told Mongabay-India that tar roads allow 30 percent water to seep while paver blocks allow 50 percent water to seep underground but concretisation does not let any, leading to the entire volume of water running into the ill-equipped drains.

Low-income neighbourhoods are worse-affected by floods, particularly in cities like Mumbai that have a large population living in informal settlements, the World Bank report states, pointing to poor drainage and land-use planning as key factors.

While the city launched a flood forecasting system two years ago and installed massive drainage pumps in low-lying areas, storm-related disasters such as building collapses and landslides are common in the monsoon months, researchers said.

Earlier this year around 700 passengers were rescued from a train stranded in flood water in Badlapur, Thane District, near Mumbai, on 27 July 2019. After a massive evacuation operation involving personnel from the military and the NDRF, all 700 passengers were successfully rescued.

The Mithi River runs through the city and in previous times served as an important storm water drain. Sadly over the years it has become blocked with sewage, trash and makeshift housing. The poor state of the river was blamed for much of the destruction and death caused by massive flooding in Mumbai in July 2005.

Mumbai, a coastal city of more than 20 million people, is the latest to be hit by floods that have ravaged South Asia this monsoon season, affecting millions of people across India, Nepal and Bangladesh and killing more than 1,200 people.

"Most of the shanties and houses in Dharavi were submerged in water and we lost all our valuables," said 45-year-old Selvam Sathya. "All of us took refuge on the first floor of different buildings and the water only started receding this morning. I lost all my belongings in the flooding."

On July 26-27, 2017, the downpour was in Ahmedabad, where within 24 hours the city of 5.5 million received 200 mm of rainfall. To make matters worse, due to heavy rainfall in the upper part of the Sabarmati river catchment, the authorities had to release water from the Dharoi dam. With the river hemmed in by perpendicular, concrete riverbanks as it flowed through Ahmedabad, there were serious threats of heavy flooding, and the administration reportedly evacuated more than 10,000 people.

The secondary runway of the Chennai airport, built over the Adayar river, was flooded and airport services were paralysed for days. To evacuate those who wanted to leave the city and were stuck at the airport, the Indian Navy helped operate civilian flights from the naval air base at nearby Arkonam.

Extreme rainfall also leaves cities at greater economic risk. The economic loss to Chennai from the flood of 2015 was estimated to be $3.5 billion (Rs 21,381 crore), according to annual estimates compiled by global reinsurance major Munich Re.

In Chennai, the release of water from the Chembarambakkam reservoir upstream of the Adayar river on December 1, 2015, was thought to have triggered floods along the river. However, later studies proved that the reservoir water only added to water flowing in from the southwestern suburbs of the city beyond Tambaram.

Ironically, when Chennai flooded in 2015, it was the stormwater infrastructure laid down by the British more than a century ago in the older parts of the city that withstood the brunt better than drains installed in the newer parts of the city.

There comes the rain again and the deluge! In recent monsoons, whenever it rains in Mumbai, it pours. Every year, between the months of June to September, parts of Mumbai witness such days when the rain reaches its peak and the entire locality gets flooded.

Adding to the woes of the residents, the water supply in most parts of the city was disrupted due to the inundation of the water purification plant based in Bhandup on Sunday, July 18. Following this, the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation or BMC advised residents to boil the water before consumption.

The annual monsoon rains have come heavy and early to India, swelling the Ganges, India's longest river, sweeping away houses, stranding thousands, and and killing more than 100 so far. Record downpours fell in Uttarakhand state, situated in the foothills of the Himalayas, causing mudslides and flooding mountain villages. The high water is now reaching the capital of New Delhi, where nearly 2,000 people have been evacuated to government-run camps on higher ground. Authorities there said the situation would ease as the level of the Yamuna River was expected to start receding Thursday afternoon.

Monsoon arrived in Mumbai on Saturday afternoon, flooding roads and leaving commuters stranded within mere hours. Water-logging led to traffic snarls in several parts of the city while vehicles were diverted in some areas. And as many cheered the welcome dip in temperatures, others marveled at the speed with which the city had become inundated.

Extreme precipitation events are on the rise in India, driven by warming temperatures and changes in the monsoon. The resulting floods are being exacerbated by unplanned urban growth and environmental degradation, driving millions from their homes and causing widespread damage.

Unplanned urbanization is already increasing flooding. India added 90 million people to its urban population between 2001 and 2011, and will add 416 million more by 2050, according to the UN. Rain runoff automatically goes up when permeable soil is replaced by impervious surfaces, such as roads and parking lots. In addition, sprawling Indian cities have been building on wetlands and expanding into floodplains. And urbanization itself may be affecting rainfall patterns. Studies from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay have found that urban heat islands could be intensifying thunderstorms over Mumbai. 2351a5e196