Phrasal Verbs In English

In the traditional grammar of Modern English, a phrasal verb typically constitutes a single semantic unit consisting of a verb followed by a particle (examples: turn down, run into or sit up), sometimes collocated with a preposition (examples: get together with, run out of or feed off of).

Phrasal verbs ordinarily cannot be understood based upon the meanings of the individual parts alone but must be considered as a whole: the meaning is non-compositional and thus unpredictable.[a] Phrasal verbs are differentiated from other classifications of multi-word verbs and free combinations by criteria based on idiomaticity, replacement by a single-word verb, w-question formation and particle movement.[1][2]

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The term phrasal verb was popularized by Logan Pearsall Smith, in Words and Idioms (1925), in which he states that the OED Editor Henry Bradley suggested it to him.[3] This terminology is mainly used in English as a second language teaching.

Some textbooks apply the term "phrasal verb" primarily to verbs with particles in order to distinguish phrasal verbs from verb phrases composed of a verb and a collocated preposition.[4][b] Others include verbs with prepositions under the same category and distinguish particle verbs and prepositional verbs as two types of phrasal verbs.[5][c]Since a prepositional phrase can complement a particle verb, some explanations distinguish three types of phrasal verb constructions depending on whether the verb combines with a particle, a preposition phrase, or both,[6] though the third type is not a distinct linguistic phenomenon.Some linguists reject the term.[d]

Particle verbs (phrasal verbs in the strict sense) are two-word verbs composed of a simple verb and a particle extension that modifies its meaning. The particle is thus integrally collocated with the verb. In older grammars, the particle was usually analyzed as an adverb.[7][8]

In these examples, the common verbs grow and give are expanded by the particles up and in. The resulting two-word verbs are single semantic units, so grow up and give in are listed as discrete entries in modern dictionaries.

In general, the discrete meanings associated with phrasal verbs cannot be readily understood solely by construing the sum of their respective parts: the meaning of pick up is distinct from the various meanings of pick and up, and may acquire disparate meanings depending on its contextual usage. Similarly, the meaning of hang out is not conspicuously related to a particular definition of hang or out.

While this distinction is of interest to linguists, it is not necessarily important for language learners, and some textbooks recommend learning phrasal verbs as whole collocations without considering types.[8]

A complex aspect of phrasal verbs concerns the syntax of particle verbs that are transitive (as discussed and illustrated above). These allow some variability, depending on the relative weight of the constituents involved. Shifting often occurs when the object is very light, e.g.

An extension of the concept of phrasal verb occurs via compounding when a verb+particle complex is nominalized. The particles may come before or after the verb. If it comes after, there may be a hyphen between the two parts of the compound noun.

Compounds which place the particle before the verb are of ancient development, and are common to all Germanic languages, as well as to Indo-European languages in general. This is related to the history of particle verbs, which developed out of Old English prefixed verbs. By contrast, compounds which put the particle second are a more modern development in English, and focus more on the action expressed by the compound.[citation needed]

By contrast, particle verbs are much rarer in cross-language comparison, and their origins need some explanation. Middle English particle verbs developed from Old English prefixed verbs: OE inngan > English go in.[13][4]

English phrasal verbs are related to the separable verbs in other West Germanic languages, which can be seen historically as a parallel, though independent development. For example, in Dutch or German

A number of particle verbs exist in some Romance languages such as Lombard, spoken in Northern Italy:Fa foeura (to do in: to eat up; to squander);D denter (to trade in; to bump into);Borl gi (to fall down);Lav s (to wash up, as in English);Tr s (to throw up, as in English);Tr va (to throw away, as in English);Ser s (to lock up, as in English);D vi (to give away, as in English), and more.Some of these made their way into Italian, for instance far fuori (to get rid of); mangiare fuori (to eat out); andare d'accordo con (to get on/along with); buttare via (throw away).

A phrasal verb is a pair of words that go together and act as a verb. For example, "give up" is a phrasal verb meaning to quit. Phrasal verbs are typically made of a verb + preposition. For example, "take on", meaning to be responsible for something, is made up of the verb "take" and the preposition "on". Often the meaning of a phrasal verb can vary from the meaning of the component parts. For example, "throw up" meaning to vomit would be quite hard to infer just from the 2 parts. Because of the subtle meanings, phrasal verbs can be a difficult area for language learners.

The aim of this game is to help students learn and practice a set of phrasal verbs in an easy and engaging way. Hopefully, students can understand the meaning from the image and sentence, then from repeatedly matching the phrasal to this context they can associate the phrasal verb with the meaning, and then subsequently transfer this to everyday usage. In this respect, the game is quite behaviourist in its approach - repeatedly pairing the words and meaning to strengthen the association. Although, as with most content like this, the responsibility is really on the learner to make best use of this as a resource. Some learners may even feel they get most out of just clicking though the images on the review screen.

The game has 48 phrasal verbs which were chosen according to how easy they are to represent visually. The phrasals used here are not the most common phrasals or the easiest, they are just the ones that are more visual. This is a list of those used:

The game has 3 parts. In the first part, you just click on the phrasal verb that matches the image. This part covers all the phrasals used in the game and it repeats any items that mistakes are made on. In the second part, you click on the image to match the text. The third part presents a larger image and you have to make a phrase or sentence.

Phrasal verbs (also called multi-word verbs) are idiomatic expressions, combining verbs and prepositions to make new verbs whose meaning is often not obvious from the dictionary definitions of the individual words. They are widely used in both written and spoken English, and new ones are formed all the time as they are a flexible way of creating new terms.

A phrasal verb consists of a verb and a preposition or adverb that modifies or changes the meaning; 'give up' is a phrasal verb that means 'stop doing' something, which is very different from 'give'. The word or words that modify a verb in this manner can also go under the name particle.

Click on the A-Z menu to browse our phrasal verb list alphabetically. Click on a verb to see the definition,example sentences, whether it is British or American English, and whether it is separable or not.

Our phrasal verbs dictionary includes entries from around the world submitted by numerous contributors. Itcovers both modern language and older phrases. If you know of phrasal verbs in English that you feel shouldbe included here, please use our online form to let us know about it. Pleasenote that all submissions are reviewed for validity and accuracy by our Editor.

Enter single words here. Use the infinitive without'to' for a verb. If you enter 'go', it will list all the phrasal verbswith 'go'. If you enter a preposition or particle in the box, like 'up', you can look atall the phrasal verbs containing'up'.

Phrasal verbs are very common in English, especially in more informal contexts. They are made up of a verb and a particle or, sometimes, two particles. The particle often changes the meaning of the verb.

The question is that particle means both prepositions and adverbs. Then why I am seeing above the word adverbial participle, in which the preposition is also treated like adverbial participle. That's why? Are they modifying the verb in phrasal verb, that's why it is treated like adverb?

I think that in the phrasal verb, we have two things main verb+ particles. In participle, we have both adverbs and prepositions. When prepositions modify the main verb, then it is called adverbial participle. Am I right, sir?

However, it might be confusing to think of phrasal verbs as "using prepositions" as adverb particles. It might be better to think of these words as adverbs in their own right, because they differ sometimes very substantially from prepositions in their structure and meaning. For some words in the group that you mentioned (e.g. down, up), their adverbial uses are actually more common than their prepositional uses.

English is my native language, and I have recently realised that we often use particles/prepositions to completely change the meaning of verbs. For example, in the sentence "He gets off on showing her up," it is not enough to know the meaning of each individual word; one must know the specific meanings of "to get off on [something]" and "to show [someone] up". Even knowing "to get off" (e.g. a train) and "to show up" (e.g. to an event) wouldn't help. 2351a5e196