Journals

List of Publications: Journal Papers

* Last Author(s)/Corresponding Author(s); † Equal contributions

Year 2026

1. Pawel Goclowski, Maciej Trusiak, Balpreet S. Ahluwalia, Azeem Ahmad*, “High-Sensitivity, High-Throughput Double Sagnac Lateral Shearing Quantitative Phase Microscopy and Tomography with Pseudo-Thermal Illumination,” (Under Review, Scientific Reports).  arXiv Link 

2. Pawel Goclowski, Hong Mao, Maciek Trusiak, Balpreet S. Ahluwalia, Azeem Ahmad*, "High-Fidelity Single-Shot Quantitative Differential Phase Microscopy Using Pseudothermal Sagnac Interferometer." (Under Review, Optics Letters).  arXiv Link

3. Paweł Gocłowski, Julianna Winnik, et al., Azeem Ahmad*. "Lateral shearing optical diffraction tomography of brain organoid with reduced spatial coherence." (Under Review, Research).  arXiv Link

4. Bilal M. Afzal, Marie K. Mikkelborg, et al., Azeem Ahmad*. "Real-time snapping dynamics and nanoscale thickness profiling of salmon keratocyte tunneling nanotubes using partially coherent quantitative phase microscopy." Scientific Reports (2026). Link 

5. Suski, Damian, Maria Cywinska, Julianna Winnik, Michal Jozwik, Piotr Zdankowski, Azeem Ahmad, Balpreet S. Ahluwalia, and Maciej Trusiak. "Uncertainty-Aware Bayesian Computational Imaging for Single-Shot Widefield Interferometric Nanometrology" Laser & Photonics Reviews e03158 (2026). Link 

Year 2025

6. Habib, Anowarul, Paula Casasano Mateos, Vishesh Kumar Dubey, Azeem Ahmad, Ganesh Acharya, Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia, Mukesh Varshney, and Frank Melandsø. "Non-invasive quantitative acoustic imaging of intact brain organoids for structural assessment in drug discovery." Materials Today Advances 28 100651, (2025). Link 

7. Winnik, Julianna, Piotr Zdańkowski, Marzena Stefaniuk, Azeem Ahmad, Chao Zuo, Balpreet S. Ahluwalia, and Maciej Trusiak. "Gradient optical diffraction tomography." Communications Physics 8, 510 (2025) Link 

8. Abhinav, P. T., Shivam Ojha, Azeem Ahmad, and Anowarul Habib. "Wavelet scattering transformation for sub-surface damage detection and localization in PZT sensor." Ultrasonics Volume 157,107793 (2025). Link 

9. Shukla, Kaushik, Anowarul Habib, Frank Melandsø, and Azeem Ahmad*. "Finite Element Method Modeling for Extended Depth of Focus Acoustic Transducer." Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, Diagnostics and Prognostics of Engineering Systems 8, no. 2 (2025). Link 

10. Cywińska, Maria, Michał Józwik, Krzysztof Patorski, Azeem Ahmad, Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia, Björn Kemper, and Maciej Trusiak. "DeepQuadrature: universal convolutional neural network enlarging space-bandwidth product in single-shot fringe pattern optical metrology." Journal of Physics: Photonics (2025). Link 

11. Pal, Rishant, Nayanika Ghosh, Nur MM Kalimullah, Azeem Ahmad, Frank Melandsø, and Anowarul Habib. "Subsurface damage identification and localization in PZT ceramics using point contact excitation and detection: An image processing framework." Ultrasonics 147 (2025): 107516. Link 

12. Khan, M. Sarim Ameed, Shivam Ojha, Shubham Kumar Gupta, Amit Shelke, Azeem Ahmad, Frank Melandsø, and Anowarul Habib. "AutoSAFT: Autofocusing for extended depth of imaging in scanning acoustic microscopy." Journal of Microscopy (2025). Link 

Year 2024

13. Saxena, Anuj, Azeem Ahmad*, Vishesh Kumar Dubey, Hong Mao, Anand Kumar, Anowarul Habib, Satish Kumar Dubey, Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia, and Dalip Singh Mehta. "Single-shot quantitative differential phase contrast microscope using a single calcite beam displacer." Applied Optics 63, no. 32 (2024): 8350-8358. Link 

14. Rosen, Joseph, Simon Alford, Blake Allan, Vijayakumar Anand, Shlomi Arnon, Francis Gracy Arockiaraj, Jonathan Art et al. "Roadmap on computational methods in optical imaging and holography." Applied Physics B 130, no. 9 (2024): 166. Link 

15. Ahmad, Azeem*, Paweł Gocłowski, Vishesh Dubey, Maciej Trusiak, and Balpreet S. Ahluwalia. "High space–time bandwidth product imaging in low coherence quantitative phase microscopy." Scientific Reports 14, no. 1 (2024): 9191. Link 

16. Haputhanthri, Udith, Kithmini Herath, Ramith Hettiarachchi, Hasindu Kariyawasam, Azeem Ahmad, Balpreet S. Ahluwalia, Ganesh Acharya, Chamira US Edussooriya, and Dushan N. Wadduwage. "Towards ultrafast quantitative phase imaging via differentiable microscopy." Biomedical Optics Express 15, no. 3 (2024): 1798-1812. Link 

17. Pal, Rishant, Shubham Kumar Gupta, Azeem Ahmad, Frank Melandsø, and Anowarul Habib. "Block-matching and 3D filtering-based denoising of acoustic images obtained through point contact excitation and detection method." Applied Acoustics 217 (2024): 109843. Link 

Year 2023

18. Saxena, Anuj, Azeem Ahmad*, Vishesh Dubey, Anowarul Habib, Satish Kumar Dubey, Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia, and Dalip Singh Mehta. "Dynamic quantitative phase imaging using calcite crystal-based temporally stable interferometer." Journal of Modern Optics 70, no. 19-21 (2023): 973-982. Link 

19. Gupta, Shubham Kumar, Anowarul Habib, Prakhar Kumar, Frank Melandsø, and Azeem Ahmad*. "Automated tilt compensation in acoustic microscopy." Journal of Microscopy 292, no. 2 (2023): 90-102. Link 

20. Gupta, Shubham Kumar, Rishant Pal, Azeem Ahmad, Frank Melandsø, and Anowarul Habib. "Image denoising in acoustic microscopy using block-matching and 4D filter." Scientific reports 13, no. 1 (2023): 13212. Link 

21. Das, Sathi, Kanchan Saxena, Jean-Claude Tinguely, Arijit Pal, Nima L. Wickramasinghe, Abdolrahman Khezri, Vishesh Dubey et al. "SERS nanowire chip and machine learning-enabled classification of wild-type and antibiotic-resistant bacteria at species and strain levels." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 15, no. 20 (2023): 24047-24058. Link 

22. Ahmad, Azeem*, Ramith Hettiarachchi, Abdolrahman Khezri, Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia, Dushan N. Wadduwage, and Rafi Ahmad. "Highly sensitive quantitative phase microscopy and deep learning aided with whole genome sequencing for rapid detection of infection and antimicrobial resistance." Frontiers in Microbiology 14 (2023): 1154620. Link 

23. Ranjan, Abhishek, Azeem Ahmad, Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia, and Frank Melandsø. "Laser-Generated Scholte Waves in Floating Microparticles." Sensors 23, no. 4 (2023): 1776. Link 

24. Samanta, Krishnendu, Azeem Ahmad, Jean-Claude Tinguely, Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia, and Joby Joseph. "Transmission structured illumination microscopy with tunable frequency illumination using tilt mirror assembly." Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (2023): 1453. Link 

25. Mann, Priyanka, Vishesh Dubey, Azeem Ahmad, Ankit Butola, and Dalip Singh Mehta. "Synthetic wavelength scanning interferometry for 3D surface profilometry with extended range of height measurement using multi-colour LED light sources." Journal of Modern Optics 70, no. 2 (2023): 114-123. Link 

Year 2022

26. Bhattacharya, Sayantani, Nitin Yadav, Azeem Ahmad, Frank Melandsø, and Anowarul Habib. "Multiple Damage Detection in PZT Sensor Using Dual Point Contact Method." Sensors 22, no. 23 (2022): 9161. Link 

27. Rogalski, Mikołaj, Maria Cywińska, Azeem Ahmad, Krzysztof Patorski, Vicente Micó, Balpreet S. Ahluwalia, and Maciej Trusiak. "Hilbert phase microscopy based on pseudo thermal illumination in the Linnik configuration." Optics Letters 47, no. 22 (2022): 5793-5796. Link 

28. Jayakumar, Nikhil, Firehun T. Dullo, Vishesh Dubey, Azeem Ahmad, Florian Ströhl, Jennifer Cauzzo, Eduarda Mazagao Guerreiro et al. "Multi-moded high-index contrast optical waveguide for super-contrast high-resolution label-free microscopy." Nanophotonics 11, no. 15 (2022): 3421-3436. Link 

29. Ahmad, Azeem*, Nikhil Jayakumar, and Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia. "Demystifying speckle field interference microscopy." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (2022): 10869. Link 

30. Ahmad, Azeem*, Anowarul Habib, Vishesh Dubey, and Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia. "Unbalanced low coherence interference microscopy." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 151 (2022): 106932. Link 

31. Shukla, Kaushik, Azeem Ahmad, Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia, Frank Melandsø, and Anowarul Habib. "Finite element simulation of transmission and reflection of acoustic waves in the ultrasonic transducer." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 61, no. SG (2022): SG1029. Link 

32. Villegas-Hernández, Luis E., Vishesh Dubey, Mona Nystad, Jean-Claude Tinguely, David A. Coucheron, Firehun T. Dullo, Anish Priyadarshi et al. "Chip-based multimodal super-resolution microscopy for histological investigations of cryopreserved tissue sections." Light: Science & Applications 11, no. 1 (2022): 43. Link 

Year 2021

33. Butola, Ankit, David A. Coucheron, Karolina Szafranska, Azeem Ahmad, Hong Mao, Jean-Claude Tinguely, Peter McCourt et al. "Multimodal on-chip nanoscopy and quantitative phase imaging reveals the nanoscale morphology of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 47 (2021): e2115323118. Link 

34. Gocłowski, Paweł, Maria Cywińska, Azeem Ahmad, Balpreet Ahluwalia, and Maciej Trusiak. "Single-shot fringe pattern phase retrieval using improved period-guided bidimensional empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert transform." Optics Express 29, no. 20 (2021): 31632-31649. Link 

35. Priyadarshi, Anish, Firehun Tsige Dullo, Deanna Lynn Wolfson, Azeem Ahmad, Nikhil Jayakumar, Vishesh Dubey, Jean-Claude Tinguely, Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia, and Ganapathy Senthil Murugan. "A transparent waveguide chip for versatile total internal reflection fluorescence-based microscopy and nanoscopy." Communications Materials 2, no. 1 (2021): 85. Link 

36. Ahmad, Azeem*, Vishesh Dubey, Nikhil Jayakumar, Anowarul Habib, Ankit Butola, Mona Nystad, Ganesh Acharya, Purusotam Basnet, Dalip Singh Mehta, and Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia. "High-throughput spatial sensitive quantitative phase microscopy using low spatial and high temporal coherent illumination." Scientific reports 11, no. 1 (2021): 15850. Link 

37. Cauzzo, Jennifer, Nikhil Jayakumar, Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia, Azeem Ahmad*, and Nataša Škalko-Basnet. "Characterization of liposomes using quantitative phase microscopy (QPM)." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 5 (2021): 590. Link 

Year 2020

38. Butola, Ankit, Sheetal Raosaheb Kanade, Sunil Bhatt, Vishesh Kumar Dubey, Anand Kumar, Azeem Ahmad, Dilip K. Prasad, Paramasivam Senthilkumaran, Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia, and Dalip Singh Mehta. "High space-bandwidth in quantitative phase imaging using partially spatially coherent digital holographic microscopy and a deep neural network." Optics Express 28, no. 24 (2020): 36229-36244. Link 

39. Ahmad, Azeem*, Vishesh Dubey, Ankit Butola, Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia, and Dalip Singh Mehta. "Highly temporal stable, wavelength-independent, and scalable field-of-view common-path quantitative phase microscope." Journal of Biomedical Optics 25, no. 11 (2020): 116501-116501. Link 

40. Butola, Ankit, Dilip K. Prasad, Azeem Ahmad, Vishesh Dubey, Darakhshan Qaiser, Anurag Srivastava, Paramasivam Senthilkumaran, Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia, and Dalip Singh Mehta. "Deep learning architecture “LightOCT” for diagnostic decision support using optical coherence tomography images of biological samples." Biomedical Optics Express 11, no. 9 (2020): 5017-5031. Link 

41. Butola, Ankit, Daria Popova, Dilip K. Prasad, Azeem Ahmad, Anowarul Habib, Jean Claude Tinguely, Purusotam Basnet et al. "High spatially sensitive quantitative phase imaging assisted with deep neural network for classification of human spermatozoa under stressed condition." Scientific reports 10, no. 1 (2020): 13118. Link 

42. Singh, Rajwinder, Vishesh Dubey, Deanna Wolfson, Azeem Ahmad, Ankit Butola, Ganesh Acharya, Dalip Singh Mehta, Purusotam Basnet, and Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia. "Quantitative assessment of morphology and sub-cellular changes in macrophages and trophoblasts during inflammation." Biomedical optics express 11, no. 7 (2020): 3733-3752. Link 

43. Jayakumar, Nikhil, Azeem Ahmad*, Dalip Singh Mehta, and Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia. "Sampling Moiré method: a tool for sensing quadratic phase distortion and its correction for accurate quantitative phase microscopy." Optics Express 28, no. 7 (2020): 10062-10077. Link 

44. Ahmad, Azeem*, Vishesh Dubey, Ankit Butola, Jean-Claude Tinguely, Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia, and Dalip Singh Mehta. "Sub-nanometer height sensitivity by phase shifting interference microscopy under environmental fluctuations." Optics Express 28, no. 7 (2020): 9340-9358. Link 

45. Gocłowski, Paweł, Maciej Trusiak, Azeem Ahmad, Adam Styk, Vicente Mico, Balpreet S. Ahluwalia, and Krzysztof Patorski. "Automatic fringe pattern enhancement using truly adaptive period-guided bidimensional empirical mode decomposition." Optics Express 28, no. 5 (2020): 6277-6293. Link 

Year 2015 - Year 2019

46. Usmani, Kashif, Azeem Ahmad*, Rakesh Joshi, Vishesh Dubey, Ankit Butola, and Dalip Singh Mehta. "Relationship between the source size at the diffuser plane and the longitudinal spatial coherence function of the optical coherence microscopy system." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 36, no. 12 (2019): D41-D46. Link 

47. Ahmad, Azeem*, Tanmoy Mahanty, Vishesh Dubey, Ankit Butola, Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia, and Dalip Singh Mehta. "Effect on the longitudinal coherence properties of a pseudothermal light source as a function of source size and temporal coherence." Optics letters 44, no. 7 (2019): 1817-1820. Link 

48. Dubey, Vishesh, Daria Popova, Azeem Ahmad, Ganesh Acharya, Purusotam Basnet, Dalip Singh Mehta, and Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia. "Partially spatially coherent digital holographic microscopy and machine learning for quantitative analysis of human spermatozoa under oxidative stress condition." Scientific reports 9, no. 1 (2019): 3564. Link 

49. Butola, Ankit, Azeem Ahmad, Vishesh Dubey, Vishal Srivastava, Darakhshan Qaiser, Anurag Srivastava, Paramsivam Senthilkumaran, and Dalip Singh Mehta. "Volumetric analysis of breast cancer tissues using machine learning and swept-source optical coherence tomography." Applied optics 58, no. 5 (2019): A135-A141. Link 

50. Dubey, Vishesh, Azeem Ahmad, Ankit Butola, Darakhshan Qaiser, Anurag Srivastava, and Dalip Singh Mehta. "Low coherence quantitative phase microscopy with machine learning model and Raman spectroscopy for the study of breast cancer cells and their classification." Applied optics 58, no. 5 (2019): A112-A119. Link 

51. Ahmad, Azeem*, Anand Kumar, Vishesh Dubey, Ankit Butola, Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia, and Dalip Singh Mehta. "Characterization of color cross-talk of CCD detectors and its influence in multispectral quantitative phase imaging." Optics express 27, no. 4 (2019): 4572-4589. Link 

52. Butola, Ankit, Tilak Joshi, Azeem Ahmad, Vishesh Dubey, P. Senthilkumaran, and Dalip Singh Mehta. "3D topography and tomography of multilayered freeform optical surfaces using large-range measurement swept-source low-coherence interferometry." Laser Physics 28, no. 11 (2018): 116101. Link 

53. Dubey, Vishesh, Azeem Ahmad, Rajwinder Singh, Deanna L. Wolfson, Purusotam Basnet, Ganesh Acharya, Dalip Singh Mehta, and Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia. "Multi-modal chip-based fluorescence and quantitative phase microscopy for studying inflammation in macrophages." Optics express 26, no. 16 (2018): 19864-19876. Link 

54. Butola, Ankit, Azeem Ahmad*, Vishesh Dubey, P. Senthilkumaran, and Dalip Singh Mehta. "Spectrally resolved laser interference microscopy." Laser Physics Letters 15, no. 7 (2018): 075602. Link 

55. Ahmad, Azeem*, Vishesh Dubey, Vijay Raj Singh, Jean-Claude Tinguely, Cristina Ionica Øie, Deanna L. Wolfson, Dalip Singh Mehta, Peter TC So, and Balpreet Singh Ahluwalia. "Quantitative phase microscopy of red blood cells during planar trapping and propulsion." Lab on a Chip 18, no. 19 (2018): 3025-3036. Link 

56. Dubey, Vishesh, Gyanendra Singh, Veena Singh, Azeem Ahmad, and Dalip Singh Mehta. "Multispectral quantitative phase imaging of human red blood cells using inexpensive narrowband multicolor LEDs." Applied optics 55, no. 10 (2016): 2521-2525. Link 

57. Ahmad, Azeem*, Vishesh Dubey, Gyanendra Singh, Veena Singh, and Dalip Singh Mehta. "Quantitative phase imaging of biological cells using spatially low and temporally high coherent light source." Optics letters 41, no. 7 (2016): 1554-1557. Link 

58. Gupta, Sakshi, Azeem Ahmad, Vijayeta Gambhir, Martha N. Reddy, and Dalip S. Mehta. "Raman signal enhancement by multiple beam excitation and its application for the detection of chemicals." Applied Physics Letters 107, no. 9 (2015). Link 

59. Singh, Gyanendra, Azeem Ahmad, Vishesh Dubey, and Dalip Singh Mehta. "Dual Wavelength Interferometric Study of Flexible Substrate for Change in Refractive Index Due to External Stress." Journal of the Japanese Society for Experimental Mechanics 15, no. Special_Issue (2015): s75-s80. Link 

60. Ahmad, Azeem, Vishal Srivastava, Vishesh Dubey, and D. S. Mehta. "Ultra-short longitudinal spatial coherence length of laser light with the combined effect of spatial, angular, and temporal diversity." Applied Physics Letters 106, no. 9 (2015). Link