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Ulf Dietrich Merbold (.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}German: [lf ditr mrblt]; born 20 June 1941) is a German physicist and astronaut who flew to space three times, becoming the first West German citizen in space and the first non-American to fly on a NASA spacecraft. Merbold flew on two Space Shuttle missions and on a Russian mission to the space station Mir, spending a total of 49 days in space.

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Merbold's father was imprisoned in NKVD special camp Nr. 2 by the Red Army in 1945 and died there in 1948, and Merbold was brought up in the town of Greiz in East Germany by his mother and grandparents. As he was not allowed to attend university in East Germany, he left for West Berlin in 1960, planning to study physics there. After the Berlin Wall was built in 1961, he moved to Stuttgart, West Germany. In 1968, he graduated from the University of Stuttgart with a diploma in physics, and in 1976 he gained a doctorate with a dissertation about the effect of radiation on iron. He then joined the staff at the Max Planck Institute for Metals Research.

Between his space flights, Merbold provided ground-based support for other ESA missions. For the German Spacelab mission Spacelab D-1, he served as backup astronaut and as crew interface coordinator. For the second German Spacelab mission D-2 in 1993, Merbold served as science coordinator. Merbold's responsibilities for ESA included work at the European Space Research and Technology Centre on the Columbus program and service as head of the German Aerospace Center's astronaut office. He continued working for ESA until his retirement in 2004.

Ulf Merbold was born in Greiz, in the Vogtland area of Thuringia, on 20 June 1941.[1][2] He was the only child of two teachers who lived in the school building of Wellsdorf [de], a small village.[3][4] During World War II, Ulf's father Herbert Merbold was a soldier who was imprisoned and then released from an American prisoner of war camp in 1945. Soon after, he was imprisoned by the Red Army in NKVD special camp Nr. 2, where he died on 23 February 1948.[3][5][6] Merbold's mother Hildegard was dismissed from her school by the Soviet zone authorities in 1945.[7][8][9] She and her son moved to a house in Kurtschau [de],[10] a suburb of Greiz, where Merbold grew up close to his maternal grandparents and his paternal grandfather.[9]

When the Berlin Wall was built on 13 August 1961, it became impossible for Ulf's mother to visit him.[16] Merbold then moved to Stuttgart, where he had an aunt,[11] and started studying physics at the University of Stuttgart, graduating with a Diplom in 1968.[1] He lived in a dormitory in a wing of Solitude Palace.[17] Thanks to an amnesty for people who had left East Germany, Merbold could again see his mother from late December 1964.[11] In 1976, Merbold obtained a doctorate in natural sciences, also from the University of Stuttgart,[1] with a dissertation titled Untersuchung der Strahlenschdigung von stickstoffdotierten Eisen nach Neutronenbestrahlung bei 140 Grad Celsius mit Hilfe von Restwiderstandsmessungen on the effects of neutron radiation on nitrogen-doped iron.[18] After completing his doctorate, Merbold became a staff member at the Max Planck Institute for Metals Research in Stuttgart, where he had held a scholarship from 1968.[8] At the institute, he worked on solid-state and low-temperature physics,[15] with a special focus on experiments regarding lattice defects in body-centered cubic (bcc) materials.[1]

In March 1977, ESA issued an Announcement of Opportunity for future astronauts, and several thousand people applied.[23] Fifty-three of these underwent an interview and assessment process that started in September 1977, and considered their skills in science and engineering as well as their physical health.[24] Four of the applicants were chosen as ESA astronauts; these were Merbold, Italian Franco Malerba, Swiss Claude Nicollier and Dutch Wubbo Ockels.[23] The French candidate Jean-Loup Chrtien was not selected, angering the President of France. Chrtien participated in the Soviet-French Soyuz T-6 mission in June 1982, becoming the first West European in space.[24] In 1978, Merbold, Nicollier and Ockels went to Houston for NASA training at Johnson Space Center while Malerba stayed in Europe.[25]

NASA first discussed the concept of having payload specialists aboard spaceflights in 1972,[26] and payload specialists were first used on Spacelab's initial flight.[27] Payload specialists did not have to meet the strict NASA requirements for mission specialists. The first Spacelab mission had been planned for 1980 or 1981 but was postponed until 1983; Nicollier and Ockels took advantage of this delay to complete mission specialist training. Merbold did not meet NASA's medical requirements due to a ureter stone he had in 1959,[28] and he remained a payload specialist.[29][30] Rather than training with NASA, Merbold started flight training for instrument rating at a flight school at Cologne Bonn Airport and worked with several organizations to prepare experiments for Spacelab.[31]

In 1982, the crew for the first Spacelab flight was finalized, with Merbold as primary ESA payload specialist and Ockels as his backup. NASA chose Byron K. Lichtenberg and his backup Michael Lampton.[32] The payload specialists started their training at Marshall Space Flight Center in August 1978, and then traveled to laboratories in several countries, where they learned the background of the planned experiments and how to operate the experimental equipment.[33] The mission specialists were Owen Garriott and Robert A. Parker, and the flight crew John Young and Brewster Shaw.[34] In January 1982, the mission and payload specialists started training at Marshall Space Flight Center on a Spacelab simulator. Some of the training took place at the German Aerospace Center in Cologne and at Kennedy Space Center.[35] While Merbold was made very welcome at Marshall, many of the staff at Johnson Space Center were opposed to payload specialists, and Merbold felt like an intruder there.[36] Although payload specialists were not supposed to train on the Northrop T-38 Talon jet, Young took Merbold on a flight and allowed him to fly the plane.[37]

Merbold first flew to space on the STS-9 mission, which was also called Spacelab-1, aboard Space Shuttle Columbia.[38] The mission's launch was planned for 30 September 1983, but this was postponed because of issues with a communications satellite. A second launch date was set for 29 October 1983, but was again postponed after problems with the exhaust nozzle on the right solid rocket booster.[39] After repairs, the shuttle returned to the launch pad on 8 November 1983, and was launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A at 11:00 a.m. EST on 28 November 1983.[40][41] Merbold became the first non-US citizen to fly on a NASA space mission and also the first West German citizen in space.[42][43] The mission was the first six-person spaceflight.[38][44]

During the mission, the shuttle crew worked in groups of three in 12-hour shifts, with a "red team" consisting of Young, Parker and Merbold, and a "blue team" with the other three astronauts.[38] The "red team" worked from 9:00 p.m. to 9:00 a.m. EST.[45] Young usually worked on the flight deck, and Merbold and Parker in the Spacelab.[38] Merbold and Young became good friends.[46] On the mission's first day, approximately three hours after takeoff and after the orbiter's payload bay doors had been opened, the crew attempted to open the hatch leading to Spacelab.[47][48] At first, Garriott and Merbold could not open the jammed hatch; the entire crew took turns trying to open it without applying significant force, which might damage the door. They opened the hatch after 15 minutes.[48]

The Spacelab mission included about 70 experiments,[49] many of which involved fluids and materials in a microgravity environment.[50] The astronauts were subjects of a study on the effects of the environment in orbit on humans;[51] these included experiments aiming to understand space adaptation syndrome, of which three of the four scientific crew members displayed some symptoms.[52][53] Following NASA policy, it was not made public which astronaut had developed space sickness.[54] Merbold later commented he had vomited twice but felt much better afterwards.[55] Merbold repaired a faulty mirror heating facility, allowing some materials science experiments to continue.[56] The mission's success in gathering results, and the crew's low consumption of energy and cryogenic fuel, led to a one-day mission extension from nine days to ten.[57]

On one of the last days in orbit, Young, Lichtenberg and Merbold took part in an international, televised press conference that included US president Ronald Reagan in Washington, DC, and the Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl, who was at a European economic summit meeting in Athens, Greece.[58][59][60] During the telecast, which Reagan described as "one heck of a conference call", Merbold gave a tour of Spacelab and showed Europe from space while mentioning die Schnheit der Erde (the beauty of the Earth).[59][61] Merbold spoke to Kohl in German, and showed the shuttle's experiments to Kohl and Reagan, pointing out the possible importance of the materials-science experiments from Germany.[61]

When the crew prepared for the return to Earth, around five hours before the planned landing, two of the five onboard computers and one of three inertial measurement units malfunctioned, and the return was delayed by several orbits.[62] Columbia landed at Edwards Air Force Base (AFB) at 6:47 p.m. EST on 8 December 1983.[63] Just before the landing, a leak of hydrazine fuel caused a fire in the aft section.[64] After the return to Earth, Merbold compared the experience of standing up and walking again to walking on a ship rolling in a storm.[65] The four scientific crew members spent the week after landing doing extensive physiological experiments, many of them comparing their post-flight responses to those in microgravity.[66] After landing, Merbold was enthusiastic about the mission and the post-flight experiments.[67] 006ab0faaa