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In its simplest form, it consists of an outer case with mirrors at each end set parallel to each other at a 45 angle. This form of periscope, with the addition of two simple lenses, served for observation purposes in the trenches during World War I. Military personnel also use periscopes in some gun turrets and in armoured vehicles.[1]

More complex periscopes using prisms or advanced fiber optics instead of mirrors and providing magnification operate on submarines and in various fields of science. The overall design of the classical submarine periscope is very simple: two telescopes pointed into each other. If the two telescopes have different individual magnification, the difference between them causes an overall magnification or reduction.

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Johannes Hevelius described an early periscope (which he called a "polemoscope") with lenses in 1647 in his work Selenographia, sive Lunae descriptio [Selenography, or an account of the Moon]. Hevelius saw military applications for his invention.

Tanks and armoured vehicles use periscopes: they enable drivers, tank commanders, and other vehicle occupants to inspect their situation through the vehicle roof. Prior to periscopes, direct vision slits were cut in the armour for occupants to see out. Periscopes permit view outside of the vehicle without needing to cut these weaker vision openings in the front and side armour, better protecting the vehicle and occupants.

A protectoscope is a related periscopic vision device designed to provide a window in armoured plate, similar to a direct vision slit. A compact periscope inside the protectoscope allows the vision slit to be blanked off with spaced armoured plate. This prevents a potential ingress point for small arms fire, with only a small difference in vision height, but still requires the armour to be cut.

In the context of armoured fighting vehicles, such as tanks, a periscopic vision device may also be referred to as an episcope. In this context a periscope refers to a device that can rotate to provide a wider field of view (or is fixed into an assembly that can), while an episcope is fixed into position.

An important development, the Gundlach rotary periscope, incorporated a rotating top with a selectable additional prism which reversed the view. This allowed a tank commander to obtain a 360-degree field of view without moving his seat, including rear vision by engaging the extra prism. This design, patented by Rudolf Gundlach in 1936, first saw use in the Polish 7-TP light tank (produced from 1935 to 1939).

The Gundlach-Vickers technology was shared with the American Army for use in its tanks including the Sherman, built to meet joint British and US requirements. This saw post-war controversy through legal action: "After the Second World War and a long court battle, in 1947 he, Rudolf Gundlach, received a large payment for his periscope patent from some of its producers."[7]

Periscopic sights were also introduced during the Second World War. In British use, the Vickers periscope was provided with sighting lines, enabling front and rear prisms to be directly aligned to gain an accurate direction. On later tanks such as the Churchill and Cromwell, a similarly marked episcope provided a backup sighting mechanism aligned with a vane sight on the turret roof.

Later, US-built Sherman tanks and British Centurion and Charioteer tanks replaced the main telescopic sight with a true periscopic sight in the primary role. The periscopic sight was linked to the gun itself, allowing elevation to be captured (rotation being fixed as part of rotating turret). The sights formed part of the overall periscope, providing the gunner with greater overall vision than previously possible with the telescopic sight. The FV4201 Chieftain used the TESS (TElescopic Sighting System) developed in the early 1980s that was later sold as surplus for use on the RAF Phantom aircraft.[8][9]

In modern use, specialised periscopes can also provide night vision. The Embedded Image Periscope (EIP) designed and patented by Kent Periscopes provides standard unity vision periscope functionality for normal daytime viewing of the vehicle surroundings plus the ability to display digital images from a range of on-vehicle sensors and cameras (including thermal and low light) such that the resulting image appears "embedded" internally within the unit and projected at a comfortable viewing positions.

Periscopes allow a submarine, when submerged at a relatively shallow depth, to search visually for nearby targets and threats on the surface of the water and in the air. When not in use, a submarine's periscope retracts into the hull. A submarine commander in tactical conditions must exercise discretion when using his periscope, since it creates a visible wake (and may also become detectable by radar),[10][11] giving away the submarine's position.

Submarines adopted periscopes early. Captain Arthur Krebs adapted two on the experimental French submarine Gymnote in 1888 and 1889. The Spanish inventor Isaac Peral equipped his submarine Peral (developed in 1886 but launched on September 8, 1888) with a fixed, non-retractable periscope that used a combination of prisms to relay the image to the submariner. (Peral also developed a primitive gyroscope for submarine navigation and pioneered the ability to fire live torpedoes while submerged.[12][unreliable source?])

The invention of the collapsible periscope for use in submarine warfare is usually credited[by whom?] to Simon Lake in 1902. Lake called his device the "omniscope" or "skalomniscope".[citation needed]

As of 2009[update] modern submarine periscopes incorporate lenses for magnification and function as telescopes. They typically employ prisms and total internal reflection instead of mirrors, because prisms, which do not require coatings on the reflecting surface, are much more rugged than mirrors. They may have additional optical capabilities such as range-finding and targeting. The mechanical systems of submarine periscopes typically use hydraulics and need to be quite sturdy to withstand the drag through water. The periscope chassis may also support a radio or radar antenna.

Submarines traditionally had two periscopes; a navigation or observation periscope and a targeting, or commander's, periscope. Navies originally mounted these periscopes in the conning tower, one forward of the other in the narrow hulls of diesel-electric submarines. In the much wider hulls of recent[update] US Navy submarines the two operate side-by-side. The observation scope, used to scan the sea surface and sky, typically had a wide field of view and no magnification or low-power magnification. The targeting or "attack" periscope, by comparison, had a narrower field of view and higher magnification. In World War II and earlier submarines it was the only means of gathering target data to accurately fire a torpedo, since sonar was not yet sufficiently advanced for this purpose (ranging with sonar required emission of an acoustic "ping" that gave away the location of the submarine) and most torpedoes were unguided.

Periscopes have also been used on aircraft for sections with limited view. The first known use of aircraft periscope was on the Spirit of St. Louis. The Vickers VC10 had a periscope that could be used on four locations of the aircraft fuselage,[14] V-Bombers such as the Avro Vulcan and Handley Page Victor[15] and the Nimrod MR1 as the "on top sight".[16] Various US bomber aircraft such as the B-52 used sextant periscopes for celestial navigation before the introduction of GPS.[17] This also allowed the aircrew to navigate without the use of an astrodome in the fuselage.[18][19] An emergency periscope was used on all Boeing 737 models manufactured before 1997 found under "Seat D" behind the over wing exit row to regulate the landing gear. High speed and hypersonic aircraft such as the North American X-15 used a periscope.

Thanks will give it a try.Its been said before trying to use a periscope tpo fire rearward guns 9 I'm think now of theBritish Blenheim,) is a frustrating vertigo filled experience. even if the image seen is right side up.

User settings include enabling and disabling the Periscope window from popping up automatically after the cursor pauses for a preset period of time, setting the length of the delay time, and setting whether Periscope loads automatically at startup. Periscope's window can also be activated manually at any time by using the PEEK command. Easy access to user settings is provided by a small Periscope icon in the status bar, the PERISCOPE command, or the (periscope) LISP function.

Periscope comes from two Greek words, peri , meaning"around," and scopus , "to look." A periscopelets you look around walls, corners, or other obstacles. Sub-marines haveperiscopes so the sailors inside can see what's on the surface of the water,even if the ship itself is below the waves.

Now you have a periscope! Ifyou look through the bottom hole, you can see over fences that are tallerthan you. If you look through the top hole, you can see under tables. Ifyou hold it sideways, you can see around corners.

To make a periscope from a 1-quart milk carton, your mirrorsmust be smaller than 31/2 inches in at least one dimension. If the onlymirrors you can find are larger than that, you can use half-gallon milkcartons instead.

When you are making a periscope, it's important to makesure that your mirror is positioned at a 45-degree angle. If you use a widermilk carton or some other box, just measure how wide your box is. Then measurethat same distance up the side of the box and make a mark. The line betweenyour mark and the opposite corner of the box will be at 45 degrees.

Light always reflects away from a mirror at the same anglethat it hits the mirror. In your periscope, light hits the top mirror ata 45-degree angle and reflects away at the same angle, which bounces itdown to the bottom mirror. That reflected light hits the second mirror ata 45-degree angle and reflects away at the same angle, right into your eye. ff782bc1db