(Harris, 2023)
References for Research
Ancel, A., Gilbert, C., Poulin, N., Beaulieu, M., & Thierry, B. (2015). New insights into the huddling dynamics of emperor penguins. Animal Behaviour, 110, 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.09.019
Australian Antarctic Division. (n.d.). Adapting to a changing environment: Emperor penguin. Australian Antarctic Division. https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/animals/penguins/emperor-penguin/adapting-to-a-changing-environment/
Duchamp, C., Rouanet, J. L., & Barré, H. (2002). Ontogeny of thermoregulatory mechanisms in king penguin chicks (Aptenodytes patagonicus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 131(4), 765–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00014-4
Goldsmith, R., & Sladen, W. J. (1961). Temperature regulation of some Antarctic penguins. The Journal of Physiology, 157(2), 251–262. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1961.sp006719
Pelegrín, J. S., & Acosta Hospitaleche, C. (2022). Evolutionary and biogeographical history of penguins (Sphenisciformes): Review of the dispersal patterns and adaptations in a geologic and paleoecological context. Diversity, 14(4), 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/d14040255
White, G. R., Butler, P. J., & Green, J. A. (2010). Adaptations to cold in penguins: Energetic costs of huddling. Journal of Experimental Biology, 213(2), 226–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00115.x
References for Images
BBC Earth. (2020, December 15). Penguins huddle to keep their eggs warm | Natural World: Penguins of the Antarctic. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uYzC7tq9RM
British Antarctic Survey. (n.d.). Penguins of Antarctica [Photograph]. British Antarctic Survey. https://www.bas.ac.uk/data/our-data/images/antarctic-picture-galleries/wildlife-pictures/penguins-pictures/
Christmann, S. (2019). [Photograph of emperor penguins keeping egg warm]. In E. Bryce, How do emperor penguin dads stop their eggs from freezing? Live Science. https://www.livescience.com/64765-how-penguins-keep-eggs-warm.html
Duffy, I. (2009, November 17). Two adult Emperor Penguins with a juvenile on Snow Hill Island, Antarctica[Photograph]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/snowmanradio/ (CC BY 2.0)
Fossil Penguins. (2011, August). Penguin network [Photograph]. Fossil Penguins. https://fossilpenguins.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/penguin-network.jpg
Harris, S. (2023, May 22). Penguins: The emperors of fluid dynamics. Chalkdust Magazine. https://chalkdustmagazine.com/features/penguins-the-emperors-of-fluid-dynamics/
Nature on PBS. (n.d.). Emperor penguins huddle for warmth | Nature on PBS [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OL7O5O7U4Gs
Oliver, F., & Passingham, M. (2013, February 6). Emperor penguins form a mass chick huddle in Antarctica[Photograph]. The Guardian. BBC. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/picture/2013/feb/06/emperor-penguin-mass-chick-huddle-antarctica-big-picture
Petchiappan, A. (2021, November 19). The warmth of penguin huddles [Photograph]. Science plus plus.https://medium.com/science-plus-plus/the-warmth-of-penguin-huddles-e5a4a48f40ad
Université de Strasbourg & Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). (n.d.). Thermal images of emperor penguins [Photograph]. Strasbourg, France.