Nanomaterials exhibit unique properties due to their high surface area, quantum effects, and tunable structures. By designing and synthesizing advanced nanomaterials, it is possible to enhance the performance of catalysts, sensors, and energy storage devices. Tailoring nanostructures for specific applications, such as CO₂ reduction, hydrogen evolution, and pollutant degradation, can lead to significant advancements in various technologies.

Catalysis is a key process in many industrial and energy-related applications, including electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and heterogeneous catalysis. The exploration of novel catalytic materials and reaction mechanisms can improve selectivity, activity, and stability. Developing highly efficient catalysts for CO₂ electroreduction, nitrogen fixation, or fuel production plays a crucial role in advancing sustainable chemistry and green energy technologies.

Corrosion is a major challenge in materials science, affecting infrastructure, energy systems, and industrial applications. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms of corrosion and developing protective coatings or corrosion-resistant materials can enhance the durability and reliability of materials in harsh environments. 

Operando and in situ characterization techniques provide real-time insights into the structural, electronic, and chemical changes occurring in materials under reaction conditions. Techniques such as X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and electron microscopy enable the investigation of reaction mechanisms and the optimization of catalytic performance. These methods help in understanding material transformations and guiding rational catalyst design.