The concept of moving images as entertainment was not a new one by the latter part of the 19th century. Magic lanterns and other devices had been employed in popular entertainment for generations. Magic lanterns used glass slides with images which were projected. The use of levers and other contrivances made these images "move". Another mechanism called a Phenakistiscope consisted of a disc with images of successive phases of movement on it which could be spun to simulate movement. Additionally, there was the Zoopraxiscope, developed by photographer Eadweard Muybridge in 1879, which projected a series of images in successive phases of movement. These images were obtained through the use of multiple cameras. The invention of a camera in the Edison laboratories capable of recording successive images in a single camera was a more practical, cost-effective breakthrough that influenced all subsequent motion picture devices.

The initial experiments on the Kinetograph were based on Edison's conception of the phonograph cylinder. Tiny photographic images were affixed in sequence to a cylinder, with the idea that when the cylinder was rotated the illusion of motion would be reproduced via reflected light. This ultimately proved to be impractical.


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The work of others in the field soon prompted Edison and his staff to move in a different direction. In Europe Edison had met French physiologist tienne-Jules Marey who used a continuous roll of film in his Chronophotographe to produce a sequence of still images, but the lack of film rolls of sufficient length and durability for use in a motion picture device delayed the inventive process. This dilemma was aided when John Carbutt developed emulsion-coated celluloid film sheets, which began to be used in the Edison experiments. The Eastman Company later produced its own celluloid film which Dickson soon bought in large quantities. By 1890, Dickson was joined by a new assistant, William Heise, and the two began to develop a machine that exposed a strip of film in a horizontal-feed mechanism.

A prototype for the Kinetoscope was finally shown to a convention of the National Federation of Women's Clubs on May 20, 1891. The device was both a camera and a peep-hole viewer, and the film used was 18mm wide. According to David Robinson who describes the Kinetoscope in his book, From Peep Show to Palace: The Birth of American Film, the film "ran horizontally between two spools, at continuous speed. A rapidly moving shutter gave intermittent exposures when the apparatus was used as a camera, and intermittent glimpses of the positive print when it was used as a viewer--when the spectator looked through the same aperture that housed the camera lens."

It consisted of an upright wooden cabinet, 18 in. x 27 in. x 4 ft. high, with a peephole with magnifying lenses in the top...Inside the box the film, in a continuous band of approximately 50 feet, was arranged around a series of spools. A large, electrically driven sprocket wheel at the top of the box engaged corresponding sprocket holes punched in the edges of the film, which was thus drawn under the lens at a continuous rate. Beneath the film was an electric lamp, and between the lamp and the film a revolving shutter with a narrow slit. As each frame passed under the lens, the shutter permitted a flash of light so brief that the frame appeared to be frozen. This rapid series of apparently still frames appeared, thanks to the persistence of vision phenomenon, as a moving image. (From Peep Show to Palace, p. 34)

At this point, the horizontal-feed system had been changed to one in which the film was fed vertically. The viewer would look into a peep-hole at the top of the cabinet in order to see the image move. The first public demonstration of the Kinetoscope was held at the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences on May 9, 1893.

Edible icing art is a great way to make a cake and cupcakes look fantastic and professional. These are an easy and inexpensive way to make your cake look like a masterpiece. All icing images come with instructions. Simply remove the edible icing art from backing and place on top of freshly iced cake or cupcakes. After 15 to 25 minutes the edible icing art will blend with the frosting to give your cake a professional look. Prints are professionally printed on compressed icing sheets. Each topper is shipped in a plastic zip lock bag. No refrigeration is necessary!

When I first started dabbling in the professional side of photography, I began by submitting to stock photography agencies. Up to this point, it had never even occurred to me to check my photos at 100%, but I kept getting images rejected for technical reasons. The notes I would get from the editors would always begin by telling me that it was essential to check pictures at 1:1 for various technical problems. In fact, the handbook for several of those agencies also pointed out the need to do this. They considered this a mandatory part of the post-production process if you wanted to become a supplier.

3. Then upload your gifs as you would normally, as the portfolio images. The key here is to use the transparent png as spacers, in between the animated gifs. Intertap is using 1px X how ever high it needs to be. The width of the transparent png can be whatever you want, it just needs to take up the vertical space.

You would upload a total of 7 portfolio images, 4 placeholder transparent pngs and 3 animated gifs. You will probably need to play around with the height of the transparent pngs to get your animated gifs to line up exactly with your designed background image.

Hi all. Bought myself a Saiga .223 a couple of weeks ago. Got it for $275 OTD with siderail scope mount and an extra mag. The first thing I wanted to do was add a peep sight, but Krebs doesn't seem to be selling thier reciever mounted ones right now, so I decided to improvise. First I tried a Mojo style one, by grinding a groove in the original rear sight and JB-Welding a washer in place. This helped a lot, but it wasn't even close to the real thing. Then I started tring to figure out a way to add one to the reciever cover, which would be easy, but would modify the reciever cover and wouldn't be very stable. That's when I noticed that my lowly little scope mount was the perfect place to mount a sight. It's sturdy, stable, and removable. So, I took an eye-bolt and went to work. this sight can use Williams removable apertures, and maybe others. Note: If your mount doesn't already have the hole, then you'll have to drill it, but it's better than drilling the rifle.

Haven't got to test it yet, just did it last night. Hopefully tommorrow. Got to get some loctite first, the nuts jar loose just working the action. Maybe try loc-nuts. I imagine accuracy will improve because of the longer sight radius, and the fact that I'm more familiar with peep sights than blade sights. I've got an XB3 air rifle (with a peep sight made from a .22 scope ring ), it's an ak-type rifle, that has a front sight post about half the diameter of the saiga's, I'm probably going to switch them out, and get one of William's twilight apertures to put in the peep, or one of those adjustable apertures. Also going to add a tube-style red-dot to the mount, I've been eyeing a 4-reticle simmons but I don't know if the knob-section will fit between my rings.

If you wanted to go the homemade route, you could fit a small sturdy (thick) hinge, to the tang, shape it, and attach a nut or washer for the peep. As for keeping it in the up position while in use, that would be the hard part. A strong spring between the two sections, with some way to lock it in the down position might work. If you could find (or make) a suitable hinge, it should be possible for under $5.00. It could even be made elevation adjustable by cutting a slot down the middle, and using a removable aperture with a nut on the back.

Cool man! Way to IMPROVISE! I made a peep sight for my S-12 from the lower tang for the factory buttstock. I already had it sitting around from where I cut it off to do my PG conversion. Then I made flip up blade sight to use with it from a ground down AK night sight, a spring, and a piece of hacksaw blade. Check this out I think you will dig it!

Great info. I plan on converting mine next week. I had a similar idea about the sights. I thought about taking a spare Yugoslavian SKS rear sight I've got and fitting it to fit in the original rear sight base. It has flip up nights sights. I thought about filing down the non-night sight part and attatching a washer to use as a ghost ring. This would give me a forward mounted ghost ring with the ability to flip up notched night sights with the flick of a finger. But, like I said, I don't care for the peep sight being that far away from the eye.

Welcome aboard man! Here is another idea I had for the Saiga shotgun for use with slugs. I'm setting up one of my S-12s for slugs only. It's a two position peepsight from an M-1 I believe. It slides into a dovetail just like the Saiga shotties have for their rear sights. Only problem is the dovetail base is wider than that of the Saiga rear sight and wont fit in the groove. Im going to try and cut or file it down to fit in the groove.

As a side note. I think a flip up rear sight would be useless without a flip-up front. Anything that the rear sight would be in the way of would apply to the front as well, maybe more so. A real easy way to make a tang mounted peep that doesn't flip, would be to use a large hex key. Attatch the short part to the tang and let the long part stick up. Cut the long part to the right hieght, and JB-weld an M6 nut on the end. You end up with a tang mounted ghost-ring able to accept very inexpensive screw in apertures, for about $1.35. It wouldn't be the coolest looking sight in the world, and wouldn't be adjustable, but the price is right. If it's attached very well, it should be fairly sturdy. I'll probably make one like this at some point this week. I've got the idea in my head now, and it won't go away until I test it. When I do I'll post some pics. May even make the little Picatinny rail thing and post some pics. e24fc04721

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