Bio & Electrical Engineering Project Portfolio

Patient Monitoring System

Requirements

create a virtual and physical processing unit that models a device which detects when someone is likely having a heart attack based on indicators of elevated troponin, ST changes on ECG readout, and drops in SpO2. The device will provide status updates for patients with increased risk of a cardiac event. At specific intervals, the monitor will:

If no indicators exist - illuminate Green LED
If one indicator is present- illuminate Yellow LED
If risk two indicators are present - illuminate Red LED and transmit symptoms to healthcare provider
If risk all three indicators are present – Sound alarm, contact emergency services

Implement the design using AND gate (7408), OR gate (7432), Inverter gates (7404), flip flops (74374) and timing chips (555)

Design a Solution

Our logic circuit is made up of basic logic gates (AND, OR, NOT), output devices (incandescent lamp, LEDs), and current-limiting resistors. There are three switches on the beginning side playing the role of inputs. The on and off of them represents the presence or absence of the three symptoms of a patient. The logic circuit is connected to three LEDs of different colors and an alarm circuit, each representing a number of symptoms exhibited by the patient, added on by a timing circuit, so that users can know the state of the patient’s heath once for each period of time.

Test the Design

We did not observe the expected reactions from the LEDs and alarm when the circuits are put together and connected to the battery. Therefore, to test what is going wrong, we put LEDs in different parts of the circuit and also used the multimeter to see if every part of the circuit is working. We also investigated if the breadboard connection does not match with our designed blueprint in Every Circuit anywhere by modeling the breadboard on TinkerCAD, and did not find any so far.

Problems

Some of the LEDs that indicate the state of the circuit is burned so that no circuit are able go through.
Not enough power for two batteries to keep three piece of breadboard working, since the voltage needed for the logic circuit to work is 4.5v and the battery combination we used can only provide 3v for maximum.
The logic, alarm, and timing circuits we built also had some misconnections or disconnections.

Improvements

Resistors to limit the current and thus the power
Changed the battery combination into one with higher voltage.
Reconnections in some parts of the logic circuit that further ensures its stable current carriage.

Timing Circuit

Requirements

Provides a clock circuit for the flip flop
Indicates what time the flip flop should update

Without a timing circuit, the flip-flop would not have a synchronized trigger to change/retain its output

Design a Solution

Create the timing circuit using the IC 555
Use a variety of resistors and capacitors to ensure the circuit can run properly

Test the Design

Before making the timing circuit on a breadboard, we used the website Visual 555 timer calculator to find out which resistors and capacitors are best for our circuit.
We also tested an LED to see if the resistors had the right values

Problem

Finding the right resistors with specific values
Circuit didn't work (because circuit wasn't completely grounded)

Improvements

Found alternate resistors that were close to the values we wanted.
We also used smaller resistor values because when we tested with an LED, the LED was dim.
Version 1 on the breadboard contained many meaningless wires, so we cut back and rewired to make the design more sleek.

Flip Flop

Requirements

Power source + connected to AND gate
Update lights and responds to change in real time

Design a Solution

We used TinkerCAD to identify all of the inputs and outputs and find where to connect the power and grounding needed for each gate. Here are the materials we used below:

(1) AND gate
(1) Flip Flop
(2) 1.5V batteries as a power source
(1) breadboard
Different colored wires- 2 same colored wires for inputs, 1 different for output, 2 other colored for power and grounding

Test the Design

Test objective: Light up an LED with a switch without it needing a direct power and ground

Strategy: Use TinkerCAD to indicate power and grounding of AND gate and the 2 inputs and outputs of all 4 sides of the gate

Result: Successful in 2/3 LEDs

Problem

One side there was an LED that did not light up in TinkerCAD

Improvements

Changed the LED to another side of different input and output.

Alarm Circuit

Requirements

Detects an unusual event and activates the alarm.

Design a Solution

PC Board Resistors

1 K Ohm
3.3 K Ohm
470 Ohm
39 Ohm

Capacitors

.05 micro Farad
10 micro Farad
100 micro Farad

100K Resistor

IC 555

Transistor 2N3904

Speaker

Battery Clip

Test the Design

We connected the circuit on a breadboard and pressed the button switch to see whether the alarm would ring.

Result: Unsuccessful

Problem

Because we did not have the exact resistors, the resistance was too high.

Improvements

We lowered the resistance so that the power consumption before the alarm would be lowered.

College Readiness

Parameters

Take SAT OR ACT, AND Take physical geology or psychology

Design a Solution

Using the binary number system, we created 16 scenarios (4x4 choices). Then, if they met the parameters listed above (at least one 1 for SAT or ACT, at least two 1 for geology and psychology), then they received a yes, if not, they received a no.

Test the Design

Since we did not build a circuit for this activity, we double checked our work to test the design.

Problem

N/A

Improvements

N/A

Rock Paper Scissors Microbit

Requirements

Code the Microbit to give a random number between [0-2] and light up 3 different designs based on that number. It also needs to keep a win count.

Design a Solution

We coded the circuit on the Microbit platform, using the blocks shown above and met all the solution criteria listed above, To keep win count, we coded button B to keep it so that when you press button B, it will give a point. When you shake the Microbit, a random design will show.

Test the Design

We tested our code by uploading it to Microbit and seeing if it would

Give a random number when button A was pressed
When you shake it, shows a random design
Button B will keep win count

Problem

Our win count would not give a point when Button B was pressed.

Improvements

We changed the "random number" block to "win count", which was a mistake that we made when making the code.

Rock Paper Scissors

Requirements

Lights up one of three lights (player one wins, tie, player two wins) based on inputs of rock, paper, or scissors from both players.

Design a Solution

Utilizes AND, OR, and NOT gates to find a solution. For each winning combination for each player, AND gates are used, and OR gates are used on those results to determine who wins. If neither player outputs a true, the tie light lights up using the NOT gates. Resistors are used to prevent lights from overheating.

Test the Design

We tested the design by running the simulation and inputting rock, paper, or scissors using the true/false inputs.

Problem

The only problem we faced while designing this was the fact that the output lights caught on fire when running.

Improvements

We only had the small improvement of adding resistors in order to prevent the lights from catching on fire.

PNP Transistor- PHET Stimulation

Requirements

Use p-types and n-types with positive and negative voltage, observe high and low energy levels of the two batteries

Observations

P-type with positive and N-type with negative always have balanced energy levels

P-type with negative: one battery has high energy levels, while the other has low
N-type with positive: the battery that had high energy levels now has low, and the battery with low now had high

Biomedical Engineering

Biomedical engineering is the connection between knowledge involving engineering, biology, and medicine. Its general purpose is to advance human health through this connection. Some examples are the development of artificial joints, MRI, the heart pacemaker, arthroscopy, angioplasty, bioengineered skin, kidney dialysis, and the heart-lung machine.

Electrical Engineering

Electrical engineering is the research, design, development, testing, and overseeing of electronic systems and the manufacturing of devices that use these systems. For example, some systems are broadcast and communications systems, electric motors, machinery controls, lighting, and wiring in buildings, automobiles, aircraft, and radar and navigation systems, and power generating, controlling, and transmission devices used by electric utilities.

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