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1998 (MCMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1998th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 998th year of the 2nd millennium, the 98th year of the 20th century, and the 9th year of the 1990s decade.

SUMMARY: On November 10, 1997, the Office for Protection from Research Risks (OPRR), in consultation with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), requested written comments relating to the proposed republication of the list that identifies certain research activities involving human subjects which may be reviewed by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) through the expedited review procedure authorized in 45 CFR 46.110. The comment period closed on March 10, 1998. OPRR and FDA received a combined total of 108 comments. After a review of the comments, OPRR and FDA are now simultaneously publishing identical revised lists of categories of research activities that may be reviewed by the IRB through the expedited review procedure.

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Categories four (4) and five (5) on the proposed list have been combined into one new category five (5) on the 1998 list. This new section is added in response to comments that raised questions about the relationship of proposed categories four (4) and five (5) to exempt research and about separating out existing and prospectively collected materials. The term ``nonresearch purposes'' was maintained in new category five (5) to describe the origins of the research materials. An explanatory note has been added to categories five (5) and seven (7) to clarify that some research described in these categories may be exempt from IRB review under 45 CFR 46.101(b) of the HHS regulations for the protection of human subjects (there is no comparable exemption provision in the FDA regulations). Thus, the listing of those categories refers only to nonexempt research.

Category six (6), proposed in November 1997, is now category four (4) on the 1998 list and addresses the collection of data through noninvasive procedures. The words ``noninvasive procedures'' have been added and apply to all procedures that would fall within this category. Because of several comments that raised concerns about MRIs and the use of anesthesia and sedation, expedited review would not be allowed for any procedure employing either of these. In response to more than 24 comments, this category lists procedures as examples for the IRB of the types of procedures that would qualify for expedited review.

Category seven (7) on the list proposed in November 1997 is now category six (6) on the 1998 list and deals with the collection of data from voice, digital, or image recordings. The qualification that was proposed in November of 1998 requiring consideration of certain risks to subjects is now a general guiding principle. It has been incorporated into the general Applicability section in response to several comments that questioned limiting this consideration to this type of research.

On December 31, 1998, a 29-year-old man in Richmond, Virginia, diedfrom rabies encephalitis caused by a rabies virus variant associated withinsectivorous bats. This report summarizes the clinical and epidemiologicinvestigations by the Virginia Department of Health and CDC.

On December 14, 1998, an inmate at the Nottoway Correctional Center inNottoway County, Virginia, developed malaise and back pain while working ona roadside clean-up crew. He sought medical care at the prison on December15, complaining of muscle pains, vomiting, and abdominal cramps, and wastreated with acetaminophen. His clinical signs progressed to includepersistent right wrist pain, muscle tremors in his right arm, anddifficulty walking. On December 18, the patient was sent to a Richmondemergency department, where he had a temperature of 103 F (39.4 C). Heinitially was alert and oriented but had visual hallucinations. During thenext 12 hours, he became increasingly agitated and less oriented. Physicalexamination revealed anisocoria, increased tone in the right forearm, andhyperesthesia over the entire right side of the body. Intoxication withanticholinergic agents such as pesticides or Jimson weed was considered;however, toxicology studies were negative.

Editorial Note: This report describes the only case of human rabiesdiagnosed in the United States during 1998 and the first case in Virginiasince 1953. A definitive history of an animal bite could not be establishedfor this patient, and the most likely explanation is an unrecognized batbite occurring either at the farm or recycling facility or while thepatient was working on a road crew. Because the incubation period forrabies varies from several weeks to several months, he may have contractedrabies before his transfer to Nottoway.

U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of the goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States. Across the 16 years from 1998 to 2014, the small business share of GDP has fallen from 48.0 percent to 43.5 percent. Over the same period, the amount of small business GDP has grown by about 25 percent in real terms, or 1.4 percent annually. However, real GDP for large businesses has grown faster, at 2.5 percent annually.

Close approaches by large asteroids like 1998 OR2 are quite rare. The previous close approach by a large asteroid was made by asteroid Florence in September 2017. That 3-mile-wide (5-kilometer-wide) object zoomed past Earth at 18 lunar distances. On average, we expect asteroids of this size to fly by our planet this close roughly once every five years.

Since they are bigger, asteroids of this size reflect much more light than smaller asteroids and are therefore easier to detect with telescopes. Almost all near-Earth asteroids (about 98%) of the size of 1998 OR2 or larger have already been discovered, tracked and cataloged. It is extremely unlikely there could be an impact over the next century by one of these large asteroids, but efforts to discover all asteroids that could pose an impact hazard to Earth continue.

1. In the summer of 1998, China suffered the worst floods in over 44 years. The central and southern parts of the country along the banks of the Yangtze river and its tributaries were battered by more than 60 days of heavy flooding. In July - August, extensive flooding also occurred in the north-east, along the Songhuajiang, Nenjiang and other rivers.

6. In response to a request from the Government of the People's Republic of China on August 27, 1998, a four-person United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC) team was dispatched on September 7, by OCHA in Geneva, to assist in the assessment of the situation and the immediate needs of the flood victims. On the day of arrival, the UNDAC mission was briefed in Beijing by the United Nations Resident Coordinator, the United Nations Disaster Management Team (UNDMT) and the Chinese Ministry of Civil Affairs.

8. Following a request on 31 August from the Government of China to OCHA in New York through the Chinese Permanent Mission to the United Nations, the UNDAC team assisted the UNDMT in Beijing in preparing a United Nations inter-agency appeal to mobilize international emergency and immediate rehabilitation assistance to the most affected areas in China. The appeal was launched by the UNDMT in Beijing on 23 September 1998, on the basis of the preliminary findings in this report.

26. The scale of the disaster was immense. The water level was still high and in several locations, the horizon of flooded lands was not visible. Provincial authorities stated that the 1998 disaster was worse than the one in 1954.

41. Along the dykes and in the relocation camps, medical clinics were well organized to provide free health care. Surveillance activities have intensified since July 1998. The reporting frequency has increased from monthly to weekly for most diseases associated to the relief phase of floods. Daily reporting is required for cholera and plague. Routine childhood immunization has not been administered in any of the visited areas since the floods (1-2 months) and needs to be restored.

55. The impact of the floods on the public health in China in 1998 has been dramatic, with a death toll of 3,004 people, and hundreds of people still missing. More than 200,000 persons were injured with thousands hospitalized. More than 4,000 medical clinics collapsed or were seriously damaged. The long stay on dykes increases the risk of serious disease outbreaks. Medical teams have been sent from within and outside provinces to assist and these teams will remain functional until the normal medical services are restored. Medical care services and medicine are provided free of charge to the victims.

70. The worst floods in one hundred years took place in the two north-east provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang in August 1998. Official government statistics indicate that in the two provinces more than 9 million people were affected and approximately one million were made homeless. Although not visited by the assessment team, the Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies reports 300,000 homeless in the Autonomous Province of Inner Mongolia.

The United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC) Team ensures close links between country-level and international relief coordination efforts following sudden-onset disasters. It assists in meeting international needs for early and qualified information on the situation and, when necessary, in the coordination of international relief at the site of the emergency. The following are terms of reference for the UNDAC mission to China, 8 - 24 September 1998.

Laws Passed at the Second Regular Session of the Sixty-first General Assembly of the State of Colorado Convened at Denver at 10 O'clock a.m. Wednesday, January 7, 1998, and Adjourned Sine Die on Wednesday, May 6, 1998, and Second Extraordinary Session Convened in Denver at 10 O'clock a.m. Monday, September 14, 1998, and Adjourned Sine Die on Wednesday, September 16, 1998. ff782bc1db