Scientific discovery is increasingly constrained not by the lack of simulation tools, but by the immense computational, data, and energy costs required to explore complex scientific systems at scale. Modern AI methods have demonstrated extraordinary capabilities in large-data regimes, yet many frontier scientific domains—such as climate modeling, fluid dynamics, materials discovery, fusion, subsurface systems, and biological modeling—operate in precisely the opposite setting: sparse observations, expensive simulations, limited experimental access, and strict reliability requirements.