An employer or employment agency cannot ask a job applicant about current or past salary where it is illegal. It has been shown that this information has been used greatly to create such a wide wage gap between men and women.

Be sure and let your hiring managers know about all local laws in effect preventing employers from asking questions related to this topic. You can do this through internal communication or by posting a notice in a common area where all current employees will see it. This will allow you to avoid any fines or penalties that could come from breaking these laws. Additionally, avoid relying on past wages when making salary offers to new employees, as some job applicants will volunteer that information without it being asked.

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"The scope, speed and scaleof transformation both from a social point of view, and from a geographicalpoint of view, is quite unprecedented in human history" said Du. Withan original population of 30,000, Shenzhen's official population was 12 millionin 2005, making the demographic 99% migrants. There is no easy way to capture the amount of trafficinto and out of the city; the population is never static, or consistently calculatedin official documents. Du believes that the 22 million active SIM cardsregistered in Shenzhen now may well be the most accurate description of thevolume of people and activities observed in the city today.

Adding to it is the growth inGDP from 1.96 million RMB in 1979, to 500 billion RMB in 2005, it is not hardto predict the complete disconnect from the way the city is represented and thereality, and how city planning is destined to fail in catching up. In 1989,Shenzhen already had an ambitious plan to grow from 30,000 to 1 million in 10years. By 2000, the official population was 10 million. Every item ofinfrastructure built needs to support at least a ten-fold volume it is intendedfor, the overwhelming demand for housing gave rise to "villages in thecity" built by farmers using small plots of land given to them ascompensation for foregoing their farmland. These villages are highly organizedlike farmland, pixilated as seen from aerial photos; farmers reap theirharvests through renting these small apartment blocks to the many migrantworkers. These villages are highly connected communities, with the mostflexible and multi-functional use of space that no urban planner could havedevised. A basketball court by day will turn into a night market packed withfood stalls by night; abandoned multi-storey parking garages get turned intoelementary schools for unregistered children of migrant workers. Instead ofjust feeling nostalgic about this creative use of space, it inspired Du toquestion the current pursuit for largeness in cities, "we have to have thebiggest cultural district, the biggest museum, the biggest opera house, thebiggest cultural center. I keep thinking, is there a different way to reallyapproach how we should look at the city? And how we can imagine what is a more sustainableand reasonable way of looking at the relationship between how we live and howwe design?" asked Du.

Considering how 50 percent of theShenzhen population lives in these urban villages, built on only 10% ofShenzhen's total area, the density and the natural co-existence of history andcultures in these urban villages in Shenzhen are mind boggling. It isindisputable that these villages contributed tremendously to Shenzhen's rapiddevelopment, by providing basic subsistence for the vast migrant population, whichis the major force driving the city's growth. In 2005 a city ordinance wasissued to tear down all urban villages, televised demolition of the buildingswas treated as a victory of urban renewal. Before long, however, the citygovernment came to realization that these villages were a vital component tosustaining the city's development, and the city's renewal plan took a u-turninto rehabilitating these vibrant communities instead,.

Summarizing her findings onShenzhen, Du concluded with her discovery of the accidental informal mode ofsustainable urbanization the Shenzhen experiment has proved "we can interactwith the city today as it is, and improve it as it is. Rather than treating itas an idealized version of a utopic city, And because so much of the past 50years of urban planning and urban design have been trying to pursue this utopicvision of a modern city, and the cost is quite high, socially, economically,and environmentally" Shenzhen,, she believes is a perfect example of how we candevelop, restore and at the same time respect a city, by not letting historystop growth, but to let growth blossom and evolve because of history.

Raleigh was surveyed and planned by William Christmas in April 1792, with Union (now Capitol) Square reserved for the statehouse in the center, from which the principal streets radiate. Streets were named for the eight state districts--each identified by the name of its principal city--for the commissioners and for other prominent citizens. The plan included four parks--named for the first three Governors (Nash, Caswell and Burke) and for Attorney General Alfred Moore. A brick statehouse was constructed according to the instructions of the commission of legislators. When it was completed in 1794, Raleigh was said to be a "city of streets without houses." By 1800 the population numbered 669, and during that year, Methodist Bishop Francis Asbury held a "big meeting" in the statehouse, which at the time was used for religious gatherings, balls and public meetings.

 State Capitol building, completed in 1840

 Photo courtesy of North Carolina Division of Archives and History  

 Destructive fires occurred in 1818, 1821 and 1831. In the last fire, the brick statehouse was destroyed. In 1840 a three-day celebration, with parades, orations and balls marked the completion of the new State Capitol. Raleigh's commercial expansion remained slow until the 1850s by which time two railroad lines were connected to the city--the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad and the North Carolina Railroad. In 1857, the city limits were extended approximately three blocks on all sides from the original one square-mile boundary.

Although there was Union sentiment in Raleigh, a celebration occurred when the State convention voted to secede from the United States on May 20, 1861. The State Capitol served as the meeting place for the state's wartime legislatures, and the city became a concentration point for Confederate troops. General William T. Sherman's army entered Raleigh on April 13, 1865, beginning the occupation of the city by the Federal army. Troops were encamped around the city and Gen. Sherman established headquarters in the Governor's Palace. After war's end, the difficult period of Reconstruction began.

The architectural legacy of the city's past is much younger, testimony to the impermanent quality of the earliest structures and to St. Augustine's troubled history. Only the venerable Castillo de San Marcos, completed in the late seventeenth century, survived destruction of the city by invading British forces in 1702.

Vestiges of the First Spanish Colonial Period (1565 to 1764) remain today in St. Augustine in the form of the town plan originally laid out by Governor Gonzalo Mndez de Canzo in the late sixteenth century and in the narrow streets and balconied houses that are identified with the architecture introduced by settlers from Spain. Throughout the modern city and within its Historic Colonial District, there remain thirty-six buildings of colonial origin and another forty that are reconstructed models of colonial buildings.

St. Augustine can boast that it contains the only urban nucleus in the United States whose street pattern and architectural ambiance reflect Spanish origins.

Maintaining St. Augustine as a permanent military colony, however, was a mighty task. Without the courage, perseverance, and tenacity of the early settlers, it is doubtful that the community would have survived.

English pirates and corsairs pillaged and burned the town on several occasions in the next century. Clashes between the Spaniards and the British became more frequent when the English colonies were established in the Carolinas, and later, in Georgia. As a consequence, the Spanish moved to strengthen their defenses, beginning in 1672 construction of a permanent stone fortress. The Castillo de San Marcos was brought to completion late in the century, just in time to meet an attack by British forces from the Carolinas in 1702. Unable to take the fort after a two-month siege, the British troops burned the town and retreated.

During what is called by historians the Second Spanish Period (1784 to 1821), Spain suffered the Napoleonic invasions at home and struggled to retain its colonies in the western hemisphere. Florida no longer held its past importance to Spain. The expanding United States, however, regarded the Florida peninsula as vital to its interests. It was a matter of time before the Americans devised a way to acquire Florida. The Adams-Ons Treaty, negotiated in 1819 and concluded in 1821, peaceably turned over the Spanish colonies of East and West Florida and, with them, St. Augustine, to the United States.

The city celebrated its 400th anniversary in 1965 and undertook in cooperation with the State of Florida a program to restore parts of the colonial city. The continuation of an effort actually begun in 1935, what became known as the "Restoration" resulted in preserving the thirty-six remaining buildings from the colonial era and the reconstruction of some forty additional colonial buildings that had previously disappeared, transforming the appearance of the historic central part of St. Augustine. It was in great part a tribute to such efforts that King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofia made this small city a part of their 2001 visit to the United States.

Some 2 million visitors annually make their way to St. Augustine, lured by the sense of discovering a unique historic part of America. While the venerable Castillo de San Marcos remains the traditional magnet for visitors, there are many other appealing historical sites and vistas.

The City of St. Augustine maintains architectural control over the colonial city, insuring that the inevitable change which occurs in a living urban area respects the past. be457b7860

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