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29 Nov,1947 (UN Partition Plan)
29 Nov,1947 (UN Partition Plan)
The United Nations General Assembly votes Resolution 181, which calls for the division of the Palestinian lands into two nations, one Jewish and one Arab. The resolution also calls for an international, UN run authority to supervise Jerusalem. Since the Ottoman Empire's loss in World War I in 1917, the Palestinian lands have been under British military and administrative authority (known as a mandate).
1948–1949 (Israel’s War of Independence & The Palestinian Nakba)
The creation of the State of Israel on May 14, 1948, sparked the first Arab-Israeli War. The conflict concluded in 1949 with Israel's triumph, although 750,000 Palestinians were expelled, and the land was split into three parts: Israel, the West Bank (the Jordan River), and the Gaza Strip. As British troops prepared to withdraw from Palestine, conflict continued to escalate, with both Jewish and Arab forces committing hostile acts.
Between February and July 1949, Israel and its Arab neighbors established a temporary border as a consequence of various ceasefire agreements. In Israel, the war is known as the War of Independence. The battle resulted in a huge number of refugees and displaced individuals, which became known as the Nakba ("Catastrophe") throughout the Arab world.
1956 (Suez Crisis)
Tensions rose once again with the ascending to power of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, a passionate Pan-Arab nationalist. Nasser maintained a negative posture against Israel. In October 1956, Israel attacked Egypt's Sinai peninsula. In five days, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) conquered Gaza, Rafah and Al-ʿArīsh, seizing hundreds of prisoners and dominating the majority of the peninsula east of the Suez Canal. Though Egyptian forces had been defeated on all fronts, the Suez crisis, as it is sometimes known, was seen by Arabs as an Egyptian victory.
1967 (Six-Day War)
Arab and Israeli forces battled for the third time on June 5-10 in1967, where became known as the Six-Day War (or June War). The Israeli victory on the ground was also overwhelming. Israeli forces withdrew Syrian forces from the Golan Heights, seized control of Egypt's Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula and drove Jordanian forces from the West Bank. the Israelis were left in sole control of Jerusalem.
1973 (Yom Kippur War)
On October 6, the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur thus, "Yom Kippur War", Egyptian forces crossing the Suez Canal and Syrian forces advancing into the Golan Heights took Israel by surprise. The Arab armies shown greater aggression and combat skill than in past battles, while Israeli troops suffered huge fatalities. The fighting lasted through the Islamic holy month of Ramadhan, came to an end on October 26. Israel signed a formal cease-fire agreement with Egypt on November 11 and with Syria on May 31, 1974.
1982 (Lebanon 1st War)
On June 5, 1982, less than six weeks after Israel's total withdrawal from Sinai, heightened tensions between Israelis and Palestinians led to an Israeli bombardment of Beirut and southern Lebanon, where the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) held many strongholds. Israel invaded Lebanon but the Israeli government agreed to halt its advance and begin negotiations with the PLO. After significant delay and extensive Israeli bombing of west Beirut, the PLO fled the city with the assistance of a multinational army. By June 1985, Israeli soldiers had retreated from regions north of the Līṭāni River, as well as west Beirut. Hezbollah, a militant group that established as a militia to fight the Israeli invasion in 1982, continued to wage a guerilla struggle against Israeli soldiers until they completely withdrew in May 2000.
2006 (Lebanon 2nd War)
Following Israel's departure from Lebanon, Hezbollah continued to press Israel on border issues and the imprisonment of Lebanese detainees. On July 12, 2006, Hezbollah unleashed a barrage of missiles into northern Israel, distracting the IDF's attention while Hezbollah members breached the border, killing several Israeli soldiers and captured two more in an attempt to push Israel into freeing Lebanese captives. Israel launched an attack into southern Lebanon to retrieve the seized soldiers, beginning with a massive air campaign that hit infrastructure as far north as Beirut, followed by a land offensive aimed at pushing Hezbollah away from the Israeli-Lebanese border. Several Arab leaders condemned Hezbollah for fueling the unrest, which killed over 1,000 Lebanese and displaced an estimated one million more. Nonetheless, Hezbollah's ability to bring the IDF to a halt earned it praise from most of the Arab world. When hostilities ended on August 14, Israeli leaders claimed that they had achieved the majority of the war's objectives, but the abducted soldiers remained in Hezbollah's custody (their remains were later exchanged through UN-brokered negotiations in 2008), and the Israeli public questioned how the war was handled.
2023-Present
Hamas launched an attack on Israel on October 7, 2023, prompting the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to engage in aerial campaigns and ground operations within the Gaza Strip.
Recent casualty estimates from the Hamas-run Gazan Health Ministry place the death toll in Gaza at around 42,000, though such numbers are challenging to verify due to limited international access to the strip.
The conflict has sparked increased regional tensions across the Middle East.
In October, a major escalation between Gaza and Israel began. South Africa filed an ICJ case against Israel alleging genocide.
During the case progressed, the ICJ ordered Israel to prevent genocide, enable provision of basic services and aid in Gaza and curb incitement to genocide.
July 2024, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) found Israel’s presence in the OPT unlawful: Israel should bring it to an end as rapidly as possible, cease settlement activities, evacuate settlers, and make reparations.
In September the General Assembly demanded that Israel end its occupation in 12 months.
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