The examples suggest that this origin for the expression is the correct one, though some doubt must remain.
This medieval illustration shows a billhook, but the worker is pruning a tree, not cutting firewood.
The hook of the idiom may have been just a bit of wood or metal but might equally have been a tool with a sharpened edge, allied to the billhook or reap hook of more modern agricultural practice. We now connect crook principally with shepherds and bishops, but in medieval times it was any hooked device or implement. This meant that hook and crook were synonyms as well as rhymes, which made it almost inevitable that they were put together to make a reduplicated rhyming phrase.
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And for the kind of character that I describe in this essay \u2014 that is defined by where they come from, who they are, and who they know would have been if not for this world \u2014 reducing them to just one dimension of being undesirable simply by virtue of being criminals/fixers feels like a mistake. Kiryu wants to create his own definition of being a yakuza: one for whom sticking by his brothers matters more than climbing up the ranks by hook, crook, or book. Majima is too jaded by the life for him to be conventional \u2014 yet mentions of his loved ones arouse his soul.
Here we use a comparative study of murine rodent sperm and demonstrate that the apical hook and sperm cooperation are likely to be general adaptations to sperm competition in rodents. We found that species with relatively larger testes, and therefore more intense sperm competition, have a longer, more reflected apical sperm hook. In addition, we show that sperm groups also occur in rodents other than the European woodmouse.
Murine rodents are a species-rich subfamily within the family Muridae and show substantial variation in mating system and hence in the risk of sperm competition across species [12]. Our comparative study of the sperm head morphometry of 37 murine rodent species was designed to test the hypothesis that the shape and curvature of the hook covaried with the risk of sperm competition inferred from relative testis mass [12], [13], [14], [15]. Consistent with this, we found a strong positive association between the shape and curvature of the apical hook and relative testis mass.
Our study revealed a strong positive association between the shape and the curvature of the apical hook of murine sperm and the risk of sperm competition inferred from relative testis mass. Our results are the first evidence that the shape and curvature of the apical hook of rodent sperm heads is influenced by the risk of sperm competition, and that sperm cooperation is likely to be a general pattern in rodents that may have evolved in response to sperm competition.
The observation of sperm groups in the Norway rat and the house mouse is consistent with our hypothesis that the apical hook plays a role in sperm cooperation in rodents, although in these species the main function of the hook appears to be to maintain the stability of sperm groups rather than the actual attachment of sperm to each other. As in the European woodmouse [11], in the Norway rat and the house mouse sperm attached to each other at the lower ventral region of the apical hook. In the latter two species, as soon as a group was formed the hook appeared to prevent the random detachment of sperm. Sperm separated themselves from the group only by moving rigidly forward. In the European woodmouse, electron-dense adhesive material has been found in the inner curvature of the hook [11] which may facilitate attachment between individual sperm. A similar mechanism might exist in the sperm of the Norway rat and the house mouse. The hypothesis of the stabilising effect of the hook on group formation is supported by the fact that the shape and curvature hook appear to influence the duration for which sperm remain attached to each other: in the Norway rat and in the house mouse, sperm stayed as a group in vitro for a maximum of 10 minutes compared to a maximum of 90 minutes in the European woodmouse. In addition, the apical hook in the European woodmouse is flexible and actively moves to lock up with either the hook or flagellum of another sperm which might influence the stability of sperm train formation. No such movement was observed in the Norway rat or house mouse.
Other explanations for the evolution of the apical hook of rodent sperm have been proposed but none substantiated. First, the apical hook might facilitate the attachment of sperm to the wall of the female reproductive tract prior to fertilisation [27], although subsequent data have suggested that this hypothesis is unlikely as mouse and rat sperm swim along the epithelium of the female tract by contact with the lateral surface of the sperm head and not the apical hook [28]. Second, the apical hook may physically bind the sperm to the outer zona pellucida surface of the oocyte and/or protect the region of the sperm head that binds to and fuses with the oolemma [29], [30]. A comparative study of three species of conilurine rodents failed to find a relationship between the complexity of the sperm head and the zona thickness [31]. However, further studies are needed to investigate the interaction between sperm and ovum in rodents.
Sperm cooperation may be the main selective force favouring the evolution of an apical hook which is such a common feature of rodent sperm. The fact that sperm cooperation may be a widespread phenomenon adds new aspects to the mechanisms of postcopulatory sexual selection and sperm competition in particular. Establishing the relative importance of diploid versus haploid selection in the evolution of sperm shape and function should be a major task for future studies.
Hook shape was assessed using an outline analysis based on an elliptic Fourier analysis [16]. The outline coordinates were obtained using the program tpsUtil Version 1.33 [32]. Eight harmonics yielding 36 coefficients, which described the shape variation across species sufficiently, were calculated from the outline coordinates using the software EFA [33]. Shape was standardised for orientation, location and size of the sperm head, which resulted in the exclusion of three coefficients for further analysis due to invariance. Hence 32 coefficients were included in a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on a variance-covariance matrix. In the analysis including the genus Apodemus, the first four principal components (PC) explained 56%, 24%, 11% and 6% respectively of the shape variation across species. Multiple regression analyses in a phylogenetic framework [17], [18] as described below were performed on PC1 and PC2 (which together explained 80% of the variation in hook shape). In the analysis excluding the genus Apodemus, the first four PCs explained 48%, 34%, 9% and 6% respectively.
The analyses of hook shape and curvature were all performed on non-activated sperm. In Apodemus, the shape of activated sperm changes as the hook opens and the angle of attachment is around 360 which is still greater than in all other species [11].
Males of two species with intermediate hook curvature were used for the in vitro assay of sperm train formation: the Norway rat Rattus norvegicus and the house mouse Mus musculus. Two captive bred and two wild caught male Norway rats and two male laboratory house mice in breeding condition were killed and dissected immediately and sperm from the caudal end of the epididymis were released into in vitro fertilisation medium for laboratory rats and mice [36] at 37C. For one laboratory rat, one wild rat and one laboratory mouse we video registered the sperm groups to assess straight line velocity by measuring the distance covered and the duration to cover the distance for sperm groups and individual sperm.
The English idiom surfaced in texts at the end of the fourteenth century, a fact that makes some of the hypotheses mentioned above (for instance, reference to the invasion and the fire of London) devoid of even minimal interest. The appearance of a word or set phrase in a book means that it was current and understood earlier, but the time gap does not have to be huge in all cases. The most probable origin of our idiom was discovered as far back as 1850 (such at least is my earliest reference). Medieval conveyancers (that is, lawyers who specialized in the legal aspects of buying and selling property) had to give grant of dead wood for fuel, over a tract of woodland, which might be available without interfering with the more substantial use and profits of the timber for the general purposes of the landowner. The use of axes, bills, or saws was not allowed, while hooked poles, or crooks, by which dry or dead bits of wood could be detached and pulled down from the upper branches of the tree were fine.
Depictions of Satan and other devils carrying hooks or crooks is a staple of medieval imagery. This, plus the fact that all the early citations given in the dictionaries are in ecclesiastical or religious contexts, leads me to think an allusion to Satan and his minions is a more probable origin.
It's a pretty big discount at about 5 and a half dollars a bottle. You have to buy the case've never heard of hook or crook wine from Lodi California.. hate to buy a case in five out. It's not very good, although wine spectator gives it a high rating and I've actually heard of them
(A) A schematic diagram of MeCP2 structure and summary of findings from three different MeCP2 mutations investigated in Baker et al. and Melln et al. The methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) of MeCP2 is involved in the interaction with 5mC, 5hmC and ATRX, whereas the AT-hook domain within the transcription repressor domain (TRD) interacts with AT-rich DNA. MeCP2-R133C loses binding affinity to 5hmC, but retains 5mC-binding affinity. MeCP2-R133C binds very weakly to ATRX, and mutant cells almost completely lose ATRX pericentric heterochromatin (PCH) localization (Nan et al., 2007). Both MeCP2-R270X and MeCP2-G273X retain in vitro ATRX-binding affinity, but ATRX gradually loses its localization to PCH earlier in MeCP2-R270X mutant neurons and later in MeCP2-G273X mutants. The MeCP2 R133C phenotype is from human patients, and the mouse model remains to be examined. (B) A schematic representation of MeCP2 in heterochromatin (compact chromatin) and euchromatin (open chromatin) in the neuronal nucleus. In neurons, higher amounts of MeCP2 exist in euchromatin than in heterochromatin. Histone H1, which induces highly organized and compact chromatin structure, competes with MeCP2 in binding to linker DNA. In heterochromatin, chromatin is highly organized, DNA is highly methylated, and 5mC-bound MeCP2 mostly interacts with repressive chromatin remodelers and transcription repressors. In euchromatin, chromatin is less compact, DNA is more hydroxymethylated or unmethylated, and 5hmC-bound MeCP2 mostly interacts with transcription activators. ATRX interacts with MeCP2 and loses its localization when MeCP2 bears a mutation disrupting the AT-hook domain in the TRD. be457b7860
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