Our Periodic Table
Mr Winter's 20-21 Chemistry Class
Website designed by Alex Elshyeb
Website designed by Alex Elshyeb
Hydrogen is the first element on the periodic table. It is a gas substance. The image I plan to use will demonstrate how hydrogen works. Hydrogen is this circle that has a positevly charged atom as well as a negatively charged electron going around it counter-clock wise.
Helium is a noble gas that is very rare on our planet but makes up 35 % of our universe. It was discovered in the chromosphere of the sun unlike the rest of the elements on the periodic table (all other elements on the periodic table were discovered on Earth).
Lithium is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element. Since it is an alkali metal, it is highly reactive and highly flammable, the included image is of lithium stored in mineral oil. Lithium is referenced in pop culture for the use of lithium compounds in treatment of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.
Beryllium is a rare, gray metal from the Alkali Earth Metals group. It is used in numerous industries including aerospace, medicine, and electronics due to its strength, high melting point, and ability to be transparent to x-rays. Beryllium-9 is the only natural, stable isotope.
Boron is a non metallic element and the only non-metal of the group 13 of the periodic table of the elements. Boron is electron-deficient, possessing a vacant p-orbital. It has several forms, the most common of which is amorphous boron, a dark powder, unreactive to oxygen, water, acids and alkalis. It reacts with metals to form borides
Carbon is one of the most widely known elements, being used in the form of charcoal since the prehistoric era. Its form can range from graphite to diamonds, and it forms more compounds than any of the other elements combined.
Nitrogen is a chemical element. It is used to make nitroic acid, fertlizers, and explosives. Nitrogen has no smell, scent or color. Liquid nitrogen is used as a cooling method in differnet parts of the world, it freezes most things. Fun fact Nitrogen is a very unreactive element. However, Nitrogen can reactive with Oxegyn this forms a series of Oxides.
Oxygen is a very well known element, obviously, because we need it to breathe. A little known fact about oxygen is that liquid and solid oxygen are pale blue, and oxygen also occurs in other colors, including red, pink, orange, and black.
Fluorine is the single lightest and most reactive of the Halogens, one of the most electronegative elements. Though it is used in an antidepressent, if one is not careful, just one drop on human skin could be fatal!
Neon is a colorless and odorless gas often used to produce reddish-orange lights. It was discovered by William Ramsay in the 1890s, when he was searching for an element to fill a gap in the periodic table. The element has 3 stable isotopes, Neon20, Neon 21, and Neon22.
After discovering Potassium from potash by electrolysis, Sir Humphry David isolated Sodium from sodium hydroxide with the same process in 1807. Sodium is a highly reactive alkali metal, that combusts once in contact with water. It's concentration in blood is monitered by the human body triggering different proccesses if it gets too high or low.
Magnesium is the 8th most abundant element in the universe, and is found in both the crust and the mantle of the Earth. Magnesium was also discovered by Joseph Black, a Scottish chemist, in 1755.
Discovered in 1825, Aluminum is a silver, ductile, metal and has more than a few uses. Aluminum is also the most abundant metallic element in the Earth's crust.
First able to be refinied into a prue form in 1823 by Jons Jakob Berzelious it is a metaloid meaning it has prorties of both metals and non-metals. It is the second most abundant element in the earths surface found primarily in sand but also makes up many beutiful gems like opal and amethyst. Silicon is what makes modern technology possible becuase while given a very small electric charge it can allow energy to pass through two contacts, this is really important becuase it means you can have a switch that can switch very very fast and lasts a very long time.
Phosphorus was discovered in 1669 by German Alchemist Hennig Brandt when he boiled down urine in search of creating the philosopher’s stone. Nowadays, Phosphorus is used in pyrotechnics, steel manufacturing, and making LEDs. It also plays huge part in the formation of bones within the body, among many other biological functions.
Suflur is one of the most important elements in modern day manufacturing, being used in the vulcanization of rubber, cements, fertilizers and perservitives. It is also the 10th most abundent element in the universe, being formed in core-collapse supernovas and in white dwarf mergers.
Chlorine was discovered in 1774 by a chemist named Carl Wilhelm Scheele. It is a toxic, irritant, pale green gas that was once used as a weapon in war but now is being used as a disinfectant for swimming pools and other appliances.
Argon was discovered in 1894 by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay. The word Argon comes from the greek word "argos" meaning "Idle" since nothing reacted to it, that has now changed. When put in a tube and charged with electricity it glows blue.
Potassium with the chemical symbol K, is part of the alkali group on the periodic table. It is a soft metal with a silvery white color discovered in 1807 by Humphry Davy and is mostly used in fertilizer.
Calcium is one of the most interesting element because it is found in our body and is what makes the core of our bones and strengthens it. But not only is it found in the bones but it was also used in the olden days about 2,00 years ago to use it to create concrete in ancient Rome.
Scandium is a rare earth element, named after the homeland of its finder, Scandinavia. Scandium was originally discovered by Lars F. Nilson, a Swedish chemist, when he was attempting to isolate traces of ytterbium from samples of different minerals. During the process of applying heat to a necessary nitrate he found traces of the unknown substance, now known as Scandium. In modern day, Scandium is primarily used for very intense lighting for things like photography and film production.
Titanium is a transition metal known for its strength and lightness that make it ideal for constructing vehicles and body implants. It is the 9th-most abundant element in the earth's crust, and titanium dioxide (TiO2) is commonly used as white coloring in paints, cosmetics, toothpastes, and some foods.
Vanadium is a transition metal that is used in steel alloys used for space vehicles and nuclear reactors, as well as for pigments in dyes and paints. It can be found in mines in South Africa, China, and Russia. It has one stable isotope (51V) found in nature and one radioactive isotope (53V).
Chromium is a steely-grey, lustrous, hard and brittle transition metal. The element was discovered in 1797 by Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin. He produced chromium oxide (CrO3) by mixing crocoite (also known as Siberian red lead) with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Chromium is used often to anodize aluminum, a process which coats aluminum with a thick, protective layer of oxide.
Manganese was discovered by Johan Gottlieb Ghan in 1774. Ghan isolated it from pyrolusite ore through heating with charcoal (carbon). This grey and brittle element is used to form manganese dioxide (MnO2) which is commonly made into steel.
Iron is one of the most common used metals, with evidence of it being used dating back to Egyption beads from roughly 3000 BC. This element is very abundant and a great metal to use for structure building.
Cobalt is a transitional metal that is found in the earths crust. It is used for airplane engines and batteries, also a specific compund of it is used to turn glass blue.
Meteorites contain nickel and iron, and in earlier ages used them as superior form of iron
Copper is a transition metal, its main purpose being wires for appliances and other electrical functions. It is one of the first metals known to man and was used by the early mesopotamians.
The transition metal zinc is used as a coating on other metals to prevent rust/corrosion. it has 5 stable isotopes, zinc-64 (the most common) zinc-66, zinc-67, zinc-68, and zinc-70. it is a silver color with hints of blue when oxidation is removed and is brittle at room temp.
Gallium is a post-transition metal used in some thermometers and important in a new generation of compounds used in the electronics industry. Discovered in Paris in 1875 the name is derived from the latin name for France, "Gallia".
Arsenic is a metalloid that occurs in many minerals and is commonly combined with sulfur. It is naturally found in groundwater in some countries and is highly toxic to humans. It’s known for being a poison and is linked to many murder cases.
Selenium is a nonmetal element that acts as a conducter in the light and an insulator in the dark. Selenium is essential for proper nutrition in many organisms, including humans but is toxic in larger amounts so it is used in some lice and anti-dandruff shampoos.
Bromine is the third lightest halogen, and is a fuming red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly colored gas. It also has a very strong smell, hence it's name; bromine, which stems from the greek word "bromos" which means stench.
Although the pure element Krypton on its own is not very special, it can be used for many different new technologies. By using a new radiometric Krypton dating method, scientists were able to indetify the age of a 120000 year old antartic ice. When Krypton is used with flouride is can create a powerful laser.
Rubidium is an alkali metal, as well as one of the most reactive, combusting in oxygen and producing hydrogen gas in water. Rubidium reacts violently with all halogens, and does not naturally exist in any organic matter. It also has a very low melting point at 39 degrees celsius.
Strontium is a yellow-silver earth metal. Strontium was found in a town called Strontian. It is the only element that was found in the UK. It is highly reactive in water but tarnishes in air (This is where it gets its yellow color) so it must be stored away from both.
Zirconium is a silvery white metal, it is malleable and highly resistant to corrosion. Due to the malleability, zirconium is used medically since it is about at elastic as a human bone, it is used in making artificial joints, bones and even teeth.
Niobium is a transitional metal used to strengthen bridges and other steel objects. It is a silver-goldish color that only has one naturally occurring stable isotope, Niobium-93.
Molybdenum is an essential constituent of enzymes involved in animal and plant metabolism. Molybdenum trioxide is a compound in Molybdenum that is used to manufacture molybdenum metal, which serves as an additive to steel and corrosion-resistant alloys.
Technetium is a synthetic transition metal used for xrays and radioactive diognosis. It has a aluminum look and comes from molybdenum(Mo)
Ruthenium is a transition metal that is found in mountainous areas in Russia and the Americas. It is silver-gray and is used for solar power.
Rhodium can cost up to 10x as much as gold! It is one of the top ten rarest elements on Earth, and consequently one of the most valuable. Without it, our air quality would be much worse than it currently is, x-rays would malfunction, and many people's hearts might even stop beating...
Discovered by the chemist, Wollaston, Palladium was made as “the new silver” and has a strong resistance to corrosion in the air that can be used to speed up hydrogenation. Palladium is also used in jewelry and dental fillings and is named after an asteroid that was thought to be a planet.
Silver is a transition metal that is seen in everyday life. Silver is the best thermal and electrical conductor. Most spoons are made of silver because they are safer to use since silver can kill bacteria unlike wood. Silver bromide is a compound for silver which is used in photography. Quarters are 90% silver.
Cadmium is a soft, silvery white transition metal used for rods in nuclear reactors because it can absorb neutrons. Cadmium is also very poisonous and has been used in murder attempts before.
Indium is a very malleable and soft element which is used to dope germanium to make transistors. Indium is also used to make mirrors because of its reflective properties and it is slightly poisonous.
Tin is (Sn) a chemical element used for making bronze and also for soddering due to its low melting point. It has the greatest number of stable isotopes and can be used for making cans.
Tellurium is a chemical element(symbol Te). It is a rare, slightly toxic, silver white metalloid closely related to selenium and sulfur.
Iodine is the heaviest stable halogen which only has one naturally occuring, stable isotope: Iodine-127. Iodine is used for a few different medical purposes; it is an effective antiseptic that can be used to treat cuts, and it is necessary for the thyroid to function properly. Iodine's natural color is usually a deep purple, but it's color changes based on what it is dissoloved in.
Xenon is a colorless, odorless, and dense gas part of the noble gases family. When an electrical current is passed through xenon in a closed tube, it glows a shade of blue. It also has been used as a medical antiseptic, as well as in bactericidal lamps (that prevent the growth of bacteria), and electric flash bulbs in highspeed cameras.
Caesium is the softest element, with a hardness of 0.2 Mohs. It is a pale metal which darkens in the presence of trace amounts of oxygen.
Because you cant see peoples gut, intestines, or throat on x rays, doctors could feed you something called a barium meal so whatever is filled or lightly coated will show as black or white if you look at it in negative.
Lanthanum is the first of the lanthanide family. It is rarely used in day to day life, that is unless your an actor or something cause its used a lot in cameras and other special effects. There are studies to find out of it is a viable energy source though so thats kinda cool.
Cerium is a lanthanide that is one of only two elements that creates sparks when struck. It has a silver color and one stable isotope.
Praseodymium is an extremely rare metal discovered by Carl Auer in 1885. It was not until recently where its uses were discovered. These uses range from filtering light in welding masks, to being fused with other metals to construct aircraft engines. Praesodymium is most commonly found when breaing apart samples of didymium, and has no completely natural isotopes.
Neodymium is an element in the Lanthanide family and is a silvery, shiny metal. Really strong magnets are made of Neodymium and they are exceptionally resistant to demagnetization.
Promethium is a highly reactive element in the lanthanide group. It was not disovered untill 1945 and is used to power nuclear batteries.
Samarium is a rare metal used to help eliminate cancer cells, and can also be used to prevent explosions at nuclear power stations. It was discovered in 1853 by chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac. It has five stable isotopes: 144-Sm, 149-Sm, 150-Sm, 152-Sm and 154-Sm
Europium is used in cathode-ray style TV's as Europium Oxide because it glows when the electrons are excited. It is the most reactive lanthanide and is one of the rarest rare earth metals.
Gadolinium is a rare earth metal used in mri scans as a contrast agent and improves the quality of mri images. It has seven stable isotopes; Gd-152, Gd-154. Gd-155, Gd-156, Gd-157, Gd-158, and Gd-160.
Terbium is used to create the colors green and yellow on color tv's as well as for Trichomatic lighting technology used in other types of screens. it has one natural stable isotope, Terbium-159, and is in the Lanthanide family.
Dysprosium is a rare earth element with a matallic silver luster. It is a Lanthonide. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, but is found in many minerals, like xenotime. Dysprosium is used in conjunction with vanadium and other elements, also in making laser materials and commercial lighting.
Holmium is a Lanthanide. It is a soft malleable earth metal that was originally separated out from Erbium. It easily absorbs neutrons, making it ideal for controlling nuclear reactions. It has one isotope, Holmium 165. When at low temperature, Holmium has the strongest magnetic force of any other element. When placed under florescent LIGHTs, iT produces pretty cool colours, It is also used in laser surgery and referred to as the most underused element. the average price for holmium is $9.00
Erbium is a soft, silvery rare earth element which was found in Ytterby, Sweden along with three other rare earth elements. Erbiuim is the most crucial element for the internet, as it is added to fiber optic cables which transfer internet signals to act as an amplifier of light.
Thulium is a rare earth metal used in portable x-ray machines as it's very good at reflecting x-ray radiation. It's a silvery color and has very few everyday uses. It only has one stable, naturally occuring isotope 169Tm.
Ytterbium is a soft, silvery rare earth metal that in in the lanthanide family. It has 7 naturally occuring stable isotopes and one of them, Ytterbium-169 is used as a radiation source in portable x-rays when electricity in not available as a power source.
Lutetium was the last naturally-occuring rare earth elemnt to be discovered. It naturally consists of two isotopes: lutetium-175 (stable) and lutetium-176 (radioactive). Lutetium is used both in cancer thereapy and determing the age of meteorites.
Tungsten was discovered in 1783 by brothers named Fausto and Juan Jose de Elhuyar in Spain. Some places tunsten can be found is in the mineral wolframite and most of tungsten is found in or near Asia. It is a white silvery-shiny metal that is mainly used for metal alloys and filaments of lightbulbs.
Rhenium is a transition metal discovered in 1925 by Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, and Otto Berg. The element is mainly obtained as a by-product of molybdenum processing but is only present in trace amounts (0.002% - 0.2%). Today it is mainly used in alloys for turbine blades in jet engines because it has the second highest melting point of any metal meaning that it can withstand extreme heat without melting or bending.
Osmium was discover by British chemist Smithson Tennant in 1803. Osmium is mainly found in the sand of rivers in North and South America. The word Osmium comes from the greek word Osme meaning smell or odor. This is because Osmium is stinky
Iridium was discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant. It was named Iridium because of how beautiful its salts were (unlike Osmium). Iridium is extremely rare on earth, but it is very common on asteroids. Iridium is used today in spark plugs, crucibles, and to coat electrodes, because it has a ridiculously high melting point and is very strong.
Platinum is an element used pretty much everywhere even though there isn't much of it in the world. The reason it is not very abundant is because it forms and very simple alloy with iron. And with iron being a majoirty of the earth's center, the platinum on the earth's surface has gone down into the core to create said alloy. Despite this, platinum is a very common replacement for silver in jewelry making, and it is used as a catlyst in cars' exhaust pipes (basically it speeds up the chemical reaction that happens in cars).
The discovery of gold is not limited to one person, but multiple civilizations. It has been used as a currency, for jewelry, tooth fillings, and to even color glass. Gold has one stable isotope which has a mass of 197.
Mercury has been found in Egyptian tombs that date back to 1500 B.C.E. and it can be obtained by mining cinnabar (HgS). It is well known for its healthy hazards, as it is a heavy metal. At room temperature, mercury is a silver-colored liquid. There are 7 isotopes, the most common isotope of mercury being mercury-202, followed by mercury-200, mercury-199, mercury-201, mercury-198, mercury-204 and mercury-196.
Thallium a very soft and malleable metal was discoverd by the British chemist William Crookes in 1861. Thallium is encredibly toxic and poisonous which is why it was used to kill rodents due to its odorless and tasteless traits. However since 1972 is has been prohibited in the US.
Lead is a highly poisonous metal found in the Earth's crust. It is unknown who discovered it, but it has been in use since around 3000 BCE. It is commonly used now for batteries, weights, paint, and glass. It is also used for containing and working with radioactive materials because its density acts as a shield.
Bismuth is very magnetic and has a high electrical resistance. When mixed with other metals its used in fire extinguishers and electrical fuses
Polonium was discovered by Pierre and Maire Sklodowska Curie. Polonium is used in nuclear bombs and is highly radio active. Polonium was named after poland.
Astatine is a radioactive element that decays rapidly and is extremely sparse in the natural world. There are approximately only 25 grams of astatine on Earth at any given time! Check out this project and learn more about the rarest element on Earth.
Radon is a colorless, odorless gas that is produced in the decay chain of Radium. Radon sometimes finds its way into households through deposits of Radium found underneath the ground.
Francium was discovered in 1939 by a woman named Marguerite Perey it has two natural isotopes called francium-223 and francium-221 than francium has 87 protons and has 136 neutrons plus it is highly reactive
Radium was discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie and her husband while studying pitchblende, a type of uranium ore. It has no stable isotopes, and today it is still occasionally used to treat cancer with radiation treatment.
Actinium was discovered by Friedrich Oskar Giesal and/or Andre-Louis Debierne. They discovered it by seperating it from pitchblende. This element is extremely radioactive, and has no sable isotopes.Because of its place on the periodic table, and entire bottom row was named after it. (actinides)
Thorium is a radioactive and was the second element to be identified as such, after Uranium. It is an element with no stable isotopes. It was discovered in 1828 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, and was indeed named after the norse god Thor.
Protactinium was first fully isolated in 1937 by Aristid von Grosse. It is an actinide metal, and extremely reactive to oxygen. Because of how rare protactinium is, there are no practical uses currently, and it can cost almost $300 per gram. Protactinium has no naturally occuring stable isotopes.
Uranium is a actinide which means it is radioactive and and unstable. It is primarily used in in nuclear energy and bombs.
Neptunium is an element that works in close relation to Uranium. It is most commonly present as the byproduct of Nuclear Reactors; extracted from the Uranium fuel rods after use. It is also found in trace amounts naturally, in Uranium ores.
Americium is a is a rare earth metal that is relatively soft and radioactive. It was discovered in 1945 and can be found in alomost everyones homes in smoke detectors.
Americium is a is a rare earth metal that is relatively soft and radioactive. It was discovered in 1945 and can be found in alomost everyones homes in smoke detectors.
Tantalum is a rare, hard and shiny metal. It was discovered in 1802 and is frequently used to make phone capacitors. It's fairly resistant to most acids and heat. It is named after the king of Greek myth called Tantalus, as its inablitity to dissolve when exposed to acid is comparable to Tantalus's inability to taste the fruits and water near him.