Owning human beings: Buying and owning foreign slaves as permanent property that could be passed down as an inheritance to children (Leviticus 25:44–46). [1, 2, 3]
Beating slaves: Laws stating that a master would not be punished if they beat a slave with a rod and the slave survived for a day or two (Exodus 21:20–21). [1, 2]
Selling daughters: Fathers selling their daughters into debt bondage or civil servitude (Exodus 21:7). [1]
Taking wartime captives: Keeping virgin women and girls from defeated enemy nations as spoils of war (Numbers 31:17–18). [1, 2]
Herem (Total Destruction): Divine commands to completely exterminate specific populations—including women, infants, and livestock—leaving nothing alive (1 Samuel 15:3, Deuteronomy 20:16–17). [1, 2]
Mutilation of enemies: The practice of cutting off body parts, such as thumbs, big toes, or foreskins, of defeated enemy combatants as trophies of victory (Judges 1:6, 1 Samuel 18:27). [1, 2]
Executing rebellious children: Mandating that a stubbornly disobedient or rebellious son be brought to the town elders and stoned to death (Deuteronomy 21:18–21). [1, 2]
Death for religious differences: Stoning individuals to death for practicing other religions or enticing others to worship different gods (Deuteronomy 13:6–10). [1, 2]
Execution for minor offenses: Applying the death penalty for violations such as gathering firewood on the Sabbath day (Numbers 15:32–36). [1, 2]
Forced marriage after assault: A law requiring a rapist to pay a financial fine to the father of an unbetrothed virgin and marry the victim for life without the possibility of divorce (Deuteronomy 22:28–29).
Concubinage and Polygamy: The socially accepted practice of men taking multiple wives and keeping secondary sex slaves (2 Samuel 5:13).
Levirate marriage obligations: Forcing a man to marry his deceased brother's childless widow to carry on the family line, regardless of mutual consent (Deuteronomy 25:5–6). [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]