Oily Full Movie Download

Oily fish are fish species with oil (fats) in soft tissues and in the coelomic cavity around the gut. Their fillets may contain up to 30% oil, although this figure varies both within and between species. Examples of oily fish include small forage fish such as sardines, herring and anchovies, and other larger pelagic fish such as salmon, trout, tuna, swordfish and mackerel.[1]

Oily fish can be contrasted with whitefish, which contain oil only in the liver and in much less overall quantity than oily fish. Examples of whitefish are cod, haddock and flatfish. White fish are usually demersal fish which live on or near the seafloor, whereas oily fish are pelagic, living in the water column away from the bottom.

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Oily fish meat is a good source of important fat-soluble vitamins such as Vitamin A and D, and is rich in omega-3 fatty acids (white fish also contain these nutrients but at a much lower concentration). For this reason the consumption of oily fish rather than white fish can be more beneficial to humans, particularly concerning heart diseases such as stroke and ischemic heart disease;[2] however, oily fish are known to carry higher levels of contaminants (such as mercury or dioxin or POPs) than whitefish.[citation needed] Among other benefits, studies suggest that the omega-3 fatty acids in oily fish may help improve inflammatory conditions such as arthritis.[3]

In 2004 the UK Food Standards Agency published advice on the recommended minimum and maximum quantities of oily fish to be eaten per week, to balance the beneficial qualities of the omega-3 fatty acids against the potential dangers of ingesting polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins. It reiterated the 1994 guideline of two portions of fish per week including one portion of oily fish, but advised eating no more than four portions per week, and no more than two portions for people who are pregnant, may become pregnant or who are breastfeeding.[9]

The amount of sebum a person produces varies throughout the course of his or her life. sebaceous glands are present at birth and display relatively high production of sebum at this time. shortly after birth, sebum production decreases until puberty, at which time it dramatically increases. sebum production does not decline again until after menopause for women and around the sixth to seventh decade for men.1 Androgens, particularly 5-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), play a major role in the differentiation and proliferation of sebaceous glands as well as sebum production.5,6The average rate of sebum production in adults is 1mg/10cm2 every three hours.7 When rates are less than 0.5mg/10cm2 every three hours, patients can suffer from xerosis or dry skin. Conversely, when sebum production exceeds 1.5mg/10cm2 every three hours, it is considered excessive and results in seborrhea or oily skin.1,7

Both tazarotene and tretinoin have been reported to reduce facial pore size. This is significant in that larger pores have a direct relationship with larger amounts of sebum production.11 Kang et al27 reported that 42 percent of subjects treated with tazarotene once daily for 24 weeks achieved a reduction in pore size according to a double-blind, 5-point physician scale. This is significant in comparison to just a 20-percent reduction in pore size in those receiving placebo. A different study found a significant reduction in pore size via a dermatoscopic analyzer after 60 women applied tretinoin 0.025% cream once daily for 90 days.28 While the direct relationship between pore size and sebum production makes this interesting, one cannot conclude that topical retinoids decrease sebum production given that studies have not distinctly uncoupled this association. Nonetheless, the above evidence and discussion make topical retinoids a worthwhile consideration for treating oily skin.

Cosmeceuticals. Numerous cosmeceutical products and ingredients make claims that their use will reduce oily skin, but this discussion will be limited to evidence-based ingredients. Draelos et al34 conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 100 subjects that revealed topical 2% niacinamide significantly lowered sebum excretion rates after two and four weeks of use. While topical niacinamide may be helpful for those with oily skin, further studies are needed to outline the mechanism of action and ideal treatment regimen.

Another cosmeceutical ingredient with some evidence behind its application for oily skin is green tea. One small study had 10 patients apply a 3% green tea emulsion for eight weeks. When facial skin was evaluated by a sebumeter (a noninvasive photometric device), there was a significant reduction in sebum production compared to baseline.35 A slightly larger study with 22 participants also found a significant reduction in sebum secretion after 60 days of a topical green tea emulsion.36 Topical cosmeceuticals containing green tea may prove beneficial for patients with oily skin.

Regardless of the severity of their oily skin, all patients should be reminded that this sizeable reduction in sebum production does not go without adverse effects. Most commonly, patients will experience generalized dry skin, chapped lips, xerophthalmia, and secondary skin infections.38 Clinicians should educate their patients and provide tips to minimize these common side effects.

One major consideration to discuss with patients prior to starting oral isotretinoin is teratogenicity. This very concern dictates the use of the iPLEDGE system, a computer-based risk management program designed to help eliminate fetal exposure to isotretinoin, even if low doses are being used to treat oily skin. To help prevent this severe adverse risk, sexually active women must use two forms of contraception, and pregnancy testing is required for all female patients of childbearing potential at baseline and monthly until completion of therapy.

Spironolactone. While this potassium-sparing diuretic has classically been utilized in medicine as an antihypertensive agent, it has become increasingly employed by dermatologists for the treatment of oily skin, acne, hirsutism, and androgenic alopecia in women.43,44 spironolactone has been shown to directly reduce sebum production when dosed 50 to 200mg daily.45 In addition to being an alderosterone antagonist, spironolactone also functions as an androgen receptor blocker and an inhibitor of 5a-reductase.38 Human sebocytes contain Type 1 5a-reductase, which converts testosterone to the potent androgen 5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT).46 This androgen plays an important role in inducing sebocyte proliferation. Thus, by inhibiting production of DHT and blocking testosterone and DHT from binding to sebocytes, spironolactone has been proven to inhibit sebocyte proliferation in a dose-dependent manner.47

Oral contraceptives. Oral contraceptives are beneficial for oily skin in that they result in a decrease in ovarian and adrenal androgens and increase sex hormone-binding globulin, which limits free testosterone. As described above, androgens stimulate sebocyte proliferation and contribute to seborrhea. Estrogens, all in all, have been found to exhibit an inhibitory effect on excessive sebaceous gland activity in vivo.53 In order to avoid the risk of endometrial hyperplasia, or even cancer, that can result from unopposed estrogen, it must be used in combination with a progestin.

Several studies have shown that oral contraceptives do indeed reduce facial oiliness. In a double-blind, randomized study of 128 women receiving either an ethinyl estradiol/drospirenone combination or an ethinyl estradiol/cyproterone acetate combination, both preparations significantly reduced sebum production.55 Katz et al57 found a 60-percent relative reduction in sebum output on the cheeks and a 30-percent relative reduction in sebum output on the forehead of 41 women after six cycles of a combination ethinyl estradiol/desogestrel pill. The use of this same combination oral contraceptive was also proven to improve oily skin after just one cycle of treatment.58

Photodynamic therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) following the application of -aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is used by some to treat acne vulgaris. ALA is preferentially absorbed by pilosebaceous units, and sebocytes metabolize ALA to light-sensitive protoporphyrin IX (PplX).65,66 When exposed to light at a suitable dose and wavelength, PplX forms cytotoxic free radicals that result in cell destruction and apoptosis of sebocytes. Despite plentiful evidence showing improvement in acne, several studies have failed to show a significant reduction in sebum output after PDT with ALA.67,68 However, one supportive study found that lower sebum excretion persisted even 20 weeks after multiple PDT sessions, but not after a single PDT session. Histologic evaluation acutely after PDT revealed sebocyte destruction and 20 weeks later revealed smaller sebaceous glands.69 PDT may be a valuable tool to offer patients concerned about oily skin.

DO use a gentle, foaming face wash. Many people believe that they need to use a strong face wash for oily skin in order to dry out their skin. However, using a face wash that is too harsh can irritate your skin and trigger increased oil production. Instead, look for a mild, gentle face wash.

Oily yeasts have been described to be able to accumulate lipids up to 20% of their cellular dry weight. These yeasts represent a minor proportion of the total yeast population, and only 5% of them have been reported as able to accumulate more than 25% of lipids. The oily yeast genera include Yarrowia, Candida, Rhodotorula, Rhodosporidium, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, and Lipomyces. More specifically, examples of oleaginous yeasts include the species: Lipomyces starkeyi, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Rhodotorula glutinis, and Yarrowia lipolytica. Yeast do exhibit advantages for lipid production over other microbial sources, namely, their duplication times are usually lower than 1 h, are much less affected than plants by season or climate conditions, and their cultures are more easily scaled up than those of microalgae. Additionally, some oily yeasts have been reported to accumulate oil up to 80% of their dry weight and can indeed generate different lipids from different carbon sources or from lipids present in the culture media. Thus, they can vary their lipid composition by replacing the fatty acids present in their triglycerides. Due to the diversity of microorganisms and growth conditions, oily yeasts can be useful for the production of triglycerides, surfactants, or polyunsaturated fatty acids. 006ab0faaa