FREUD'S PSYCHOANALYTIC  THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT 

VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

1. DETERMINISTIC -  Life is about gaining pleasure and avoiding pain

2. HUMAN AS ENERGY SYSTEM -  Freud believe that human is motivated by the unconscious, where the Id is found along with the aggression and sex instincts

FREUD’S THEORY OF THE PSYCHE

• Id: Part of the psyche that is unconscious and the source of primitive instincts, impulses, and drives.

• Ego: part of the psyche that contains consciousness and memory and is involved with control, planning, and conforming.

• Superego: Part of the psyche that acts as a conscious to the ego, developing moral standards and rules through contact with parents and society.

Three levels of consciousness

• Conscious mind, person's awareness and understanding of what is happening in his or her surroundings. 

• Unconscious mind, which exist outside of your awareness at all time.

• Preconscious mind which includes all the information that you are not currently aware of but can be recalled.

Psychosexual Development - Freud said that people’s personality form during their early childhood years. He outlines a series of psychosexual stages that the child pass through as the pleasure-seeking energy filters down the erogenous zone. The pleasure they are the oral stage, Anal stage, Phallic stage, latency, and Genital stage.

FREUD’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY

1. Oral Stage (first year of life) - During this stage, the mouth is the pleasure center for development.

• Sucking, biting, and chewing produce erotic pleasure.

• Lack of love or food can result in fear loving, fear of trusting, a sense of isolation and withdrawal from others.

• At any point during development, a child can become fixated with the pleasures associated with a particular stage. Fixation is a result of either getting too much or too little pleasure during a stage.

• If this stage is not navigated well, children may develop oral preoccupation- oral receptive (smoking, overeating, drinking alcohol) or oral aggressive (biting nails, cursing, gossiping).

  2. Anal stage ( 1-3 years) - During this stage, toddlers and preschool-aged children begin to experiment with urine and feces.

• • • Pleasure comes from using bladder and sphincter muscles.

    • Learning independence and personal power.

    • Recognize and deal with negative feelings (i.e. learning discipline)

    • Strict toilets training can lead to anal-retentive personality. (neat/stubborn)

    • Over praising can equate with anal-expulsive personality. (messy/disorganized)

3. Phallic Stage ( 3 to 6 years) - The child learns to realize the difference between males and females and become aware of sexuality.

• Pleasurable feelings mostly associated with the genitals.

• Attention on the genitals (autoeroticism)

Oedipus complex - Boys feel sexually attracted to their mothers and jealous and have murderous feelings toward their fathers. Boys develop castration anxiety due to fears of retribution from fathers.

Electra Complex - Girls feel sexually attracted to their fathers and jealous and have murderous feelings toward their fathers. Girls develop penis envy as they feel that the penis is the superior sex organ.

4.  Latency period (6-12 years). The child continuous his or her development but sexual urges are relatively quiet.

• Sexual desires go dormant and enter a period of relative rest.

• Socialization takes place

• Interest in the larger world and learning is seen.

5. Genital stage (12 to 60 years) - The growing adolescent shakes off old dependencies and learns to deal maturely with the opposite sex.

• Pleasure comes from the genitals and strong sexual attraction to others.

• People form intimate relationships and relate to others in a sexually mature way.

• If this stage is not navigated well, then a person may develop defense mechanisms of repression and denial, which can block an acceptance of reality.

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Projection - In this mechanism, an individual puts the blame of his own failure upon others and some unfavorable factors of his environment. Blaming others for his mistake.

Sublimation - It is a defense mechanism in which unacceptable desire are redirected into socially accepted channels. 

Repression- Pushes threatening thoughts back into the unconscious   

Rationalization - An individual tries to justify his failure by giving some excuses 

Compensation - It is an attempt to cover one’s deficiency in one field by exhibiting his strength in another field

Identification - It is a process which may operate outside and beyond conscious awareness. 

Displacement - An individual does something as a substitute for something else

Withdrawal- Some persons withdraw themselves from the circumstances that cause tension, frustration, or pain.

Day-dreaming - It is a defense mechanism which sometimes helps in making adjustment. Denial – Simplest form of self-defense.

Reaction Formation – It is the replacement in consciousness of an anxiety producing impulse or feeling by its opposite.

Introjection – taking in and accepting uncritically the values and standards of others.

Regression - reverting to an earlier stage.

Fixation - remaining at the present, more comfortable psychological stage.