The 14 PRINCIPLES ARE DEVIDED INTO THOSE REFERRING TO :

1. Cognitive and metacognitive 

2. Motivational and affective. 

3. Developmental and social 

4. Individual difference factors 

COGNITIVE AND METACOGNITIVE FACTORS

1. Nature of the Learning Process -  The learning of complex subject matter is most effective when it is an intentional process of constructing meaning from information and experience. 

2. Goals of the Learning Process -  The successful learner, over time and with support and instructional guidance, can create meaningful, coherent representations of knowledge.

3. Construction of Knowledge - The successful learner can link new information with existing knowledge in meaningful ways. 

4. Strategic Thinking - The successful learner can create and use a repertoire of thinking and reasoning to achieve complex learning goals.

5. Thinking about Thinking - Higher-order strategies for selecting and monitoring mental operations facilitate creative and critical thinking.

6. Context of Learning - Learning is influenced by environmental factors, including culture, technology and instructional practices. 

MOTIVATIONAL AND AFFECTIVE FACTORS

7. Motivational and Emotional Influences on Learning - What and how much is learned is influenced by motivation. Motivation to learn, in turn, is influenced by the individual's emotional states, beliefs interests and goals, and habits of thinking.

8. Intrinsic Motivation to Learn - The learner's creativity, higher-order thinking, and natural curiosity all contribute to motivation to learn. Intrinsic motivation is stimulated by tasks of optional novelty and difficulty, relevant to personal interests, and providing for personal choice and control. 

9. Effects of Motivation on Effort - Acquisition of complex knowledge and skills requires extended learner effort and guided practice. Without learners' motivation to learn, the willingness to exert this effort is unlikely without coercion. 

DEVELOPMENTAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS

10. Developmental Influences on L earning - As individuals, there are different opportunities and constraints for learning. Learning is most effective when differential development within and across physical, intellectual, emotional, and social domains is taken into account. 

11. Social Influences on Learning - Learning is influenced by social interactions, interpersonal relations, and communications with others. 

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES FACTORS

12 . Individual Differences in Learning - Learners have different strategies, approaches, and capabilities for learning that are a function of prior experience and heredity. 

13. Learning and Diversity - Learning is most effective when differences in learners' linguistic, cultural, and social backgrounds are taken into account. 

14. Standards and Assessment - Setting appropriately high and challenging standards and assessing the learner as well as learning progress- including diagnostic, process, and outcome assessment - are integral parts of the learning process.