REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT THEORIES
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Development is the series of age-related changes that happen over the course of a life span. Several famous psychologists, including Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, and Lawrence Kohlberg, describe development as a series of stages. A Stage is a period in development in which people exhibit typical behavior patterns and establish particular capacities. The various stage theories share three assumptions:
SIGMUND FREUD'S THEORY OF PERSONALITY
The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud first described personality development as a series of stages. Of these stages, Freud believed that early childhood was the most important. He believed that personality developed by about the age of five.
ERIK ERIKSON’S THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Like Freud, Erik Erikson believed in the importance of early childhood. However, Erikson believed that personality development happens over the entire course of a person’s life. In the early 1960s, Erikson proposed a theory that describes eight distinct stages of development. According to Erikson, in each stage people face new challenges, and the stage’s outcome depends on how people handle these challenges. Erikson named the stages according to these possible outcomes.
JEAN PIAGETS'S 4 STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Every child is unique in an intrinsic manner. Their individuality also caters to their strengths, talents, & skillset. Although, it’s absolutely normal that they learn & grow at their own pace. Swiss Psychologist Jean Piaget believes that children take an active part in the learning process. You can think of them as scientists who perform experiments. They learn about the environment by making constant observations.
LEV VYGOTSKY’S SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory views human development as a socially mediated process in which children acquire cultural values, beliefs, and problem-solving strategies through collaborative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society.
KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Kohlberg’s theory proposes that there are three levels of moral development, with each level split into two stages.
Kohlberg suggested that people move through these stages in a fixed order and that moral understanding is linked to cognitive development. The three levels of moral reasoning include preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.
LEVEL
1.Preconventional
Punishment by adults
Reward by adults
2. Conventional
Rules set by close people
Rules set by society
3.Postconventional
Rules set by society, judged by what’s personally important
Rules based on abstract ethical principles
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