In music, an octave (Latin: octavus: eighth) or perfect octave (sometimes called the diapason)[2] is a series of eight notes occupying the interval between (and including) two notes, one having twice the frequency of vibration of the other. The octave relationship is a natural phenomenon that has been referred to as the "basic miracle of music", the use of which is "common in most musical systems".[3][4] The interval between the first and second harmonics of the harmonic series is an octave. In Western music notation, notes separated by an octave (or multiple octaves) have the same name and are of the same pitch class.
To emphasize that it is one of the perfect intervals (including unison, perfect fourth, and perfect fifth), the octave is designated P8. Other interval qualities are also possible, though rare. The octave above or below an indicated note is sometimes abbreviated 8a or 8va (Italian: all'ottava), 8va bassa (Italian: all'ottava bassa, sometimes also 8vb), or simply 8 for the octave in the direction indicated by placing this mark above or below the staff.
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Most musical scales are written so that they begin and end on notes that are an octave apart. For example, the C major scale is typically written C D E F G A B C (shown below), the initial and final C's being an octave apart.
Because of octave equivalence, notes in a chord that are one or more octaves apart are said to be doubled (even if there are more than two notes in different octaves) in the chord. The word is also used to describe melodies played in parallel one or more octaves apart (see example under Equivalence, below).
Octaves are identified with various naming systems. Among the most common are the scientific, Helmholtz, organ pipe, and MIDI note systems. In scientific pitch notation, a specific octave is indicated by a numerical subscript number after note name. In this notation, middle C is C4, because of the note's position as the fourth C key on a standard 88-key piano keyboard, while the C an octave higher is C5.
The notation 8a or 8va is sometimes seen in sheet music, meaning "play this an octave higher than written" (all' ottava: "at the octave" or all' 8va). 8a or 8va stands for ottava, the Italian word for octave (or "eighth"); the octave above may be specified as ottava alta or ottava sopra). Sometimes 8va is used to tell the musician to play a passage an octave lower (when placed under rather than over the staff), though the similar notation 8vb (ottava bassa or ottava sotto) is also used. Similarly, 15ma (quindicesima) means "play two octaves higher than written" and 15mb (quindicesima bassa) means "play two octaves lower than written."
The abbreviations col 8, coll' 8, and c. 8va stand for coll'ottava, meaning "with the octave", i.e. to play the notes in the passage together with the notes in the notated octaves. Any of these directions can be cancelled with the word loco, but often a dashed line or bracket indicates the extent of the music affected.[5]
After the unison, the octave is the simplest interval in music. The human ear tends to hear both notes as being essentially "the same", due to closely related harmonics. Notes separated by an octave "ring" together, adding a pleasing sound to music. The interval is so natural to humans that when men and women are asked to sing in unison, they typically sing in octave.[6]
Octave equivalence is a part of most advanced [clarification needed] musical cultures, but is far from universal in "primitive" and early music.[8][failed verification][9][clarification needed] The languages in which the oldest extant written documents on tuning are written, Sumerian and Akkadian, have no known word for "octave". However, it is believed that a set of cuneiform tablets that collectively describe the tuning of a nine-stringed instrument, believed to be a Babylonian lyre, describe tunings for seven of the strings, with indications to tune the remaining two strings an octave from two of the seven tuned strings.[10] Leon Crickmore recently proposed that "The octave may not have been thought of as a unit in its own right, but rather by analogy like the first day of a new seven-day week".[11]
Regarding octave: I was very impressed with the similarity of octave syntax. It didn't take me much time to transport my MATLAB scripts to octave. Meanwihile I have a particular problem on printing markers jointly with errorbar wich was fixed by Jarno Rajahalme at nabble and to change the xtick font size, which workaround I got in a question response at nabble. So it still have some bugs which with some effort can be overcome. If you experience some problems you may try nabble mailing forum: [email protected]. By the way my team cannot adapt (user friendly) to it such as they adapt to MATLAB, so we're still using MATLAB. Since MATLAB is built under gnuplot, another way to correct its bugs is editing the generated gnuplot file. The best IDE I found to it was QtOctave, that I made a short review in "Remember Blog".
Regarding R: according to a research made by SciViews, R's performance is superior to MATLAB and octave. I don't have much experience with R. I studied mclust package to wrote a wikibook chapter about EM Clustering in R. By the way, they seem to have a very active community. So you may find third party packages to proposals, which are not IMO so standardized. The best IDE I found was StatET plugin for eclipse, JGR (Java GUI for R) and emacs. Despite the time cost to learn a new programming language, if I would choose an open source platform to make my experiment graphics and some data mining analysis I would try R.
Finally, octave has parcellfun and pararrayfun which are very powerful parallel processing tools which matlab completely lacks. There is a parfor in matlab, but it's not the best way of doing it in my opinion.
Cons for octave are that they are slightly behind on toolboxes, though if you look you can find things similar. fsolve and lsode seem a little slower, but more robust, in octave for some reason. Also a big bummer for some people tends to be the lack of symlink and the DAQ toolbox, but that stuff is going to be proprietary anyway.
It's interesting to see how the open source alternative works for statistics but not for numerical analysis. R (the octave of statistics) is nowadays much popular than the commercial S-plus (the matlab of statistics). The issues mentioned as reasons not to switch away from matlab found in the other answers were also applicable to R. But still everybody just started contributing and now R is the standard, with better graphics, better packages and no more vendor lock-in.
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Thank you, of course I can change a note after input. But my question is - can I write a note one octave higher or lower as default using my keyboard without modifying it? Just pressing some shortcut before.
When using keyboard input, without a modifier the octave chosen for the next note will be the closest one to the previous note; the modifiers allow you to influence this to be the octave below if it would otherwise be the octave above, or vice versa, but not to force an additional octave in either direction.
I am using a custom tuning (All Fourths tuning.) I tried raising the octave in the custom tuning, and could tell by listening that the sound was now an octave too high, although the note displayed was now correct.
One more detail I noticed is that if I copy and paste the notes into a new file, they display at the correct octave again. This would be an ok way to fix the problem except I've noticed that GuitarPro seems to mess up notes pasted into new files, often changing which string notes are played on. (This is a separate issue I'd like to resolve at some point...)
EDIT: TIL - The guitar is traditionally notated an octave higher than the actual pitch, presumably so it fits better on the stave. I guess what I was seeing before is the true pitch of the guitar, and this transposition setting is on by default to reflect the standard convention.
It can be hard to admit, but MATLAB allows amazing "shortcuts" in product development you're going to get anywhere else, you can easily arrive at the most optimal system configuration for your product design with MATLAB; then your can fine tune the configuration with other tools like octave especially if you don't have good processing hardware in case of a system/signal processing/control project,Cheers
there is this trick, but only works with monophonic synths, with a very short glide (? or was it portamento the name?), in the TRG page, move one of the other notes that are not the note1. You can also make this move while pressing Func, then it jumps one octave, higher or lower.
For OSX, your best best is a binary installer (see _for_MacOS_X), alternatively, you can install from Homebrew, though as of July 6, 2014, this functionality was broken in OSX 10.9. If you use the installer, you might want to add the octave binary folder onto the path. To do so, add to the file .profile (or create it) in your home directory: 0852c4b9a8
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