The Gulf Stream is an intense, warm ocean current in the western North Atlantic Ocean. It moves north along the coast of Florida and then turns eastward off of North Carolina, flowing northeast across the Atlantic.
The velocity of the Gulf Stream current is fastest near the surface, with the maximum speed typically about nine kilometers per hour (5.6 miles per hour). The average speed of the Gulf Stream, however, is four miles per hour (6.4 kilometers per hour). The current slows to a speed of about 1.6 kilometers per hour (one mile per hour) as it widens to the north. The Gulf Stream transports an amount of water greater than that carried by all of the world's rivers combined.
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NOAA Fisheries announced proposed changes to the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) vessel speed rule to further reduce the likelihood of mortalities and serious injuries to endangered right whales from vessel collisions. NOAA Fisheries accepted public comment on the proposed rule until October 31, 2022. The public comment period is now closed. Comments are reviewed and generally posted in the order they were received and may be viewed here.
To monitor compliance with vessel speed regulations, we developed an interactive speed zone dashboard. Users can explore the dashboard to view vessel traffic by speed, season, month, speed zone, and vessel type.
Separate from the federal speed regulations in the Cape Cod Bay SMA, Massachusetts state law requires most vessels less than 65 feet to travel at 10 knots or less in the Cape Cod Bay Vessel Speed Restriction Area from March 1 to April 30. Speed restrictions may be extended by the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries (DMF) if right whales continue to remain present in Cape Cod Bay. Please visit the Massachusetts DMF website for information on state speed restrictions and advisories.
Right Whale Slow Zones and Dynamic Management Areas (DMAs) are voluntary programs NOAA Fisheries uses to notify vessel operators to slow down to avoid right whales. Maintaining speeds of 10 knots or less can help protect right whales from vessel collisions. Under these programs, NOAA Fisheries provides maps and coordinates to vessel operators indicating areas where right whales have been detected. For a period of 15 days after a whale is detected, mariners are encouraged to avoid these areas or reduce speeds to 10 knots or less while transiting through these areas.
In May 2001, a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach (POLA/POLB), the United States Environmental Protection Agency - Region 9, the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the South Coast Air Quality Management District, the Pacific Merchants Shipping Association, and the Marine Exchange of Southern California was signed (it was later extended through 2004). This MOU specifically requests ocean-going vessels to voluntarily reduce their speed to 12 knots at a distance of 20 nautical miles from the POLA/POLB.
As part of our efforts under the MOU, Diesel Risk Reduction Plan, Goods Movement Emissions Reduction Plan, and Assembly Bill 32 - Greenhouse Gas Initiative, CARB is evaluating the need to develop an ocean-going vessel speed reduction (VSR) program. Ocean-going VSR reductions offer the possibility for significant reductions in emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), oxides of sulfur (SOx), diesel particulate matter (PM) and carbon dioxide (CO2). A VSR program or measure could be an important element in improving air quality along California's coastline communities. As part of this evaluation, CARB contracted with the University of California, Riverside, College of Engineering-Center for Environmental Research and Technology to study the impacts of VSR on the in-use emissions of ocean-going vessels. The VSR impact study and workshop notices, and other information can be found below.
The speed of a wave is the rate at which vibrations move through the medium. Sound moves at a faster speed in water (1500 meters/sec) than in air (about 340 meters/sec) because the mechanical properties of water differ from air. Temperature also affects the speed of sound (e.g. sound travels faster in warm water than in cold water) and is very influential in some parts of the ocean. Remember that wavelength and frequency are related because the lower the frequency the longer the wavelength. More specifically, the wavelength of a sound equals the speed of sound in either air or water divided by the frequency of the wave. Therefore, a 20 Hz sound wave is 75 m long in the water (1500/20 = 75) whereas a 20 Hz sound wave in air is only 17 m long (340/20 = 17) in air.
Sound in the sea can often be “trapped” and effectively carried very long distances by the “deep sound channel ” that exists in the ocean. This SOFAR or SOund Fixing And Ranging channel is so named because it was discovered that there was a "channel" in the deep ocean within which the acoustic energy from a small explosive charge (deployed in the water by a downed aviator) could travel over long distances. An array of hydrophones could be used to roughly locate the source of the charge thereby allowing rescue of downed pilots far out to sea. Sound, and especially low-frequency sound, can travel thousands of meters with very little loss of signal. Read more information on the SOFAR channel.
The field of ocean acoustics provides scientists with the tools needed to quantitatively describe sound in the sea. By measuring the frequency, amplitude, location and seasonality of sounds in the sea, a great deal can be learned about our oceanic environment and its inhabitants. Hydroacoustic monitoring (listening to underwater sounds) has allowed scientists to measure global warming, listen to earthquakes and the movement of magma through the sea floor during major volcanic eruptions, and to record low-frequency calls of large whales the world over. As our oceans become more noisy each year, the field of ocean acoustics will grow and only become more essential.
I wrote an ocean script which has to do lot of simultations. It is working perfectly well but I would like to increase its speed. Currently I use run( ?jobName jobname ?queue lsf_queue ?mail nil ) to launch the simulations, and the following environnement variables:
From the mid-19th century through the mid-20th century, ocean liners were floating showcases of technology, opulence and social sophistication. As icons of modernity and aspirational living, artists, engineers, architects and passengers all vied for influence and access in the creation and enjoyment of these man-made islands at sea.
The researchers began looking into the dynamics of the Beaufort Gyre several years ago. At that time, they used measurements taken by satellites between 2003 and 2014, to track the movement of the Arctic ice cover, along with the speed of the Arctic wind. They used these measurements of ice and wind speed to estimate how fast the Beaufort Gyre must be downwelling, or spinning down beneath the ice. But the number they came up with was much smaller than what they expected.
Marshall and Meneghello note that, as Arctic temperatures have risen in the last two decades, and summertime ice has shrunk with each year, the speed of the Beaufort Gyre has increased. Its currents have become more variable and unpredictable, and are only slightly slowed by the return of ice in the winter.
A new report has shown that reducing the speed of big container ships on the ocean could reduce harmful emissions, cut marine noise pollution and save companies a lot of money. Not only is this a win-win for everyone involved, but it could also happen in the very near future.
Not only are big ships producing high levels of greenhouse gases, but they also produce very harmful pollutants such as nitrus and sulphur oxides. As well as black carbon, which are tiny pieces of unburned carbon that can be ingested by humans. But something that has gone even more unnoticed is the environmental impacts they can have in the marine world. The biggest of those being marine noise pollution that can seriously impact marine animals such as whales who often collide with vessels because of it. As well as other animals like dolphins, seals, turtles and manatees can also be seriously affected. But container ships are also linked to problems like plastic pollution, oil spills and ocean acidification.
All in all the shipping industry can be quite damaging for lots of people and the planet as a whole. But a new study has shown that simply slowing down the ships could go a long way to mitigating these problems. The report, commissioned by Seas at Risk and Transport & Environment, has shown that just a 20% reduction in speed could be universally beneficial. It would reduce greenhouse emissions and toxic chemicals by 24%, because significantly less fuel would be used up. Given that the industry contributes to 3% of global emissions this could effectively knock-off almost half a percent from the global output, which is significant for such a small action. But less fuel also means less money being spent which could save companies millions if not billions in the long run.
But without a doubt the biggest winners from a speed reduction would be marine life. The report shows that a 20% speed reduction could cut marine noise pollution by as much as 66%. Which amazingly could reduce collisions between whales and vessels by as much as 78%. Not only do slower ships produce less noise (and kill less whales), but it also reduces the frequency range of the sound, reducing the number of species affected by things like hearing loss. Whilst this all sounds great in principal it is easy to be sceptical at the same time. But although a lot these benefits seem fairly theoretical and optimistic, we have actually seen most of them before. During the start of the economic crash in 2008 shipping companies actually started reducing the speed of their ships for a few months to save money. This gave scientists the opportunity to study the effects and figure out what would happen if we could make the change permanent. So the science behind the study is actually very reliable. 17dc91bb1f
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