The ECU monitors a variety of sensors, including the throttle position sensor, the mass airflow sensor(calculates the amount of air entering the engine), and the engine coolant temperature sensor. It then uses the information from these sensors to calculate the optimal amount of fuel to inject into the engine, and the best timing for the spark plugs 

A turbocharger uses the kinetic energy of exhaust gases to compress air, forcing more air into the engine's cylinders. This allows more fuel to be added for the same size engine, resulting in more power. 

Superchargers are mechanically driven by a belt, shaft, chain, or electric motor, forcing more air into the engine's cylinders. This allows more fuel to be added for the same size engine, resulting in more power. 

An intercooler works by forcing air or fluid through a series of fins and plates, which transfers heat from the air or fluid to the atmosphere.

The ABS module is the "brain" of a vehicle's anti-lock braking system. It's responsible for controlling the amount of braking force applied to each wheel during emergency braking. It does this by reading information from wheel speed sensors, the hydraulic brake system, and other sources,

Calculating the amount of braking force needed for each wheel.

The BCM acts as a gateway between different electronic control units (ECUs) in the vehicle, eliminating the need for additional wiring. It communicates with other on-board computers via the vehicle's CAN bus system 

EGR recirculates a portion of the engine's exhaust back into the cylinders, replacing some of the air with carbon dioxide (CO2). This reduces the amount of oxygen in the combustion chamber, which lowers the temperature at which the fuel burns and reduces the amount of nitrogen oxide (NOx) produced.

A DPF traps and stores soot, or particulate matter, from diesel exhaust gas. The DPF stores the soot until the engine reaches a high enough temperature to burn it off, converting it to less polluting ash. This process is called regeneration.

A catalytic converter reduces harmful emissions from a car's exhaust by converting them into less toxic pollutants 

A GPF removes carbon particles and soot from a vehicle's exhaust gas, which helps to reduce emissions. GPFs are part of a vehicle's emission control system and are designed to meet emissions regulations. 

AdBlue is injected into the exhaust system of diesel vehicles with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technology to convert nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions into nitrogen and water. This reduces the amount of NOx released into the atmosphere.