ALLISON: In that instance, I think most people would look to that as being a positive thing. Slowing down the production and enrichment of uranium and therefore slowing down the development of potential nuclear weapons is a positive. But I think it also brought to attention the vulnerability of these facilities.

ALLISON: If you are coming from a disarmament perspective or a nuclear abolition perspective, modernization and the new cyber and digital-related risks that come with it are really just another reason to disarm and to get rid of nuclear weapons.


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At the moment, because of the security environment, the move towards the elimination of nuclear weapons is a little bit stalled. But when it comes to nuclear weapons, with all these new types of risks, I think we have to make sure that we go back to the disarmament efforts.

JOHN F. KENNEDY JR.(archival footage): It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba on any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States, requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union

IZUMI: The treaty on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons have also held important conversations about the need for risk reduction measures, that will help prevent any use of nuclear weapons, intentional, accidental, or through miscalculation or misunderstanding.

IZUMI: It is an important opportunity, we believe, to develop commitments by all states, not to hack or spoof or otherwise interfere with nuclear weapons systems. So there are different mechanisms and agreements that can be quite relevant in such a scenario. But the best will be not to see such an eventuality.

MATT: One thing that I do believe in is the strength of the nuclear taboo. Right? I generally do think that countries view nuclear weapons as very distinct weapons that would cross a line if they were used.

LAICIE: Maddie also had some good news. Which is that even as nuclear states are becoming more secretive about their weapons and plans, in the cyber security world, transparency is kind of on the rise.

When Plutonium was discovered America was about to go to war. In 1942, Seaborg moved to Chicago to join the top secret U.S. effort to build an atomic bomb and helped produce a miniscule amount of plutonium fluoride (about a millionth of a gram). His team found that an isotope of plutonium, Pu-239, could be split, releasing an enormous amount of destructive energy. The Fat Man bomb, dropped on Nagasaki in 1945, had a plutonium core.

Up to 400 Minuteman III missiles make up the most responsive leg of the nuclear triad. America's ICBM force has remained on continuous, around-the-clock alert since 1959. The Ground-Based Strategic Deterrent program will begin the replacement of Minuteman III and modernization of the 450 ICBM launch facilities in 2029.

Fourteen Ohio-class SSBNs make up the most survivable leg of the nuclear triad. Their stealth design makes finding an SSBN an almost impossible task, giving pause to potential adversaries. The Columbia-class SSBN program will begin to replace the Ohio-class SSBNs starting in the early 2030s.

For more than six decades, the United States has emphasized the need for a nuclear force that credibly deters adversaries, assures allies and partners, achieves U.S. objectives should deterrence fail and hedges against uncertain threats.

The B-52 is a long-range, heavy bomber that can perform a variety of missions. It can carry nuclear or precision guided conventional weapons with worldwide precision navigation. The B-52 is slated to be in service beyond 2040.

For more than 40 years B-52 Stratofortresses have been the backbone of the manned strategic bomber force for the United States. The B-52 is capable of dropping or launching the widest array of weapons in the U.S. inventory. This includes gravity bombs, cluster bombs, precision guided missiles and joint direct attack munitions. Updated with modern technology the B-52 will be capable of delivering the full complement of joint developed weapons and will continue into the 21st century as an important element of our nation's defenses. Current engineering analyses show the B-52's life span to extend beyond the year 2040.

The B-2 Spirit is a multirole stealth bomber capable of delivering both conventional and nuclear weapons. The B-21 Raider will first supplement, then eventually replace, the B-2 beginning in the mid-2020s.

The revolutionary blending of low-observable technologies with high aerodynamic efficiency and large payload gives the B-2 important advantages over existing bombers. Its low-observability provides it greater freedom of action at high altitudes, thus increasing its range and a better field of view for the aircraft's sensors. Its unrefueled range is approximately 6,000 nautical miles (9,600 kilometers).

Today, emerging technologies in the fields of offensive cyber capabilities, artificial intelligence and autonomous technologies will have a significant impact on military behaviour. These technologies add another layer of risk to an already unacceptable level of risk of nuclear weapons use. Eliminating nuclear weapons is the only way to eliminate these risks altogether.

Nearly 50 U.S. universities are involved in the research and design of U.S. nuclear weapons, largely in secret and in contradiction of their mission statements. Students and faculty must demand their universities stop helping to build weapons of mass destruction.

Tsuboi, whose ear is partly missing and his face blotched with burn marks, is co-chair of the Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations, or Hidankyo, and has devoted his life to the fight to eradicate nuclear weapons, stressing that the weapon is designed simply to kill.

Escalating tensions between North Korea and the United States, including threats by both countries that they could use nuclear weapons against one another, prompted a heightened state of readiness in Hawaii.[2][3][4] North Korea had conducted several intercontinental ballistic missile tests over the past year, most recently in November 2017,[5] enhancing its strike capabilities.[6] It is possible that North Korea may have the capability to deliver nuclear missiles to Hawaii.[7][8] Hawaii is located roughly 4,600 miles (7,400 km) from North Korea,[3] and a missile launched from North Korea would leave approximately 12 to 15 minutes of warning time.[9]

Hawaii officials had been working for some time to refresh the state's emergency plans in case of a nuclear attack from North Korea.[3][10] An October 2017 email from the University of Hawaii to students with the subject line "In the event of a nuclear attack",[11] containing instructions from the Hawaii Emergency Management Agency on how to react in case of a nuclear attack,[12] caused controversy;[11] a university spokesman ultimately apologized for "any needless concern it may have caused".[13] Testing of the civil defense warning sirens and attack drills were also conducted in the state on the first business day of the month beginning in December 2017.[4][14][15][16] On December 1, 2017, a nuclear threat siren was tested in Hawaii for the first time in more than 30 years,[3][16][17][18] the first of what state officials said would be monthly drills.[15][16][19] At 11:45 a.m. on January 2, 2018, the state conducted its monthly test of the civil defense outdoor warning siren system including the sounding of a one-minute Attention Alert Signal (Steady Tone) followed by a one-minute Attack Warning Signal (Wailing Tone).[20] There was no exercise or drill accompanying the test.[20] Prior to January 13, 2018, 26 drills had been conducted.[21] Vern Miyagi, the administrator of the Hawaii Emergency Management Agency, explained that state leaders "couldn't ignore these constant threats and missile tests from North Korea" and felt the need to prepare residents for the possibility of an attack. Officials also outlined what would happen if an emergency alert were sent: a push alert to smartphones and a message interrupting television and radio broadcasts.[17][22]

Members of Hawaii's congressional delegation also took to Twitter to dispel the false alarm. Congresswoman Tulsi Gabbard tweeted at 8:19 a.m. HST, about 12 minutes after the initial alert was sent, stating in all capitals that the message was a "false alarm" and that she had confirmed with officials that there was no incoming ballistic missile toward Hawaii.[27] The next day, she told CNN that the incident highlighted the need for President Donald Trump to negotiate with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un to resolve nuclear tensions between the United States and North Korea, and she called for those responsible for the erroneous alert in Hawaii "to be held accountable".[84] Congresswoman Colleen Hanabusa, a 2018 candidate for governor, tweeted that the "panic and fear created by this false alarm was very dangerous".[56] In further comments, Hanabusa panned the delay between the two emergency alerts, suggesting it should not have taken 38 minutes for the second message to be sent.[85] Senator Mazie Hirono tweeted that officials "need to get to the bottom of what happened and make sure it never happens again".[86] In his own tweets immediately after the incident, Senator Brian Schatz repeated that the first alert had been a false alarm. He described the erroneous alert message as "totally inexcusable", adding:[32] "The whole state was terrified. There needs to be tough and quick accountability and a fixed process."

Congresswoman Tulsi Gabbard stated in an interview after the second emergency alert was sent that the incident was "a taste of the stark reality of what we face here of a potential nuclear strike on Hawaii", referring to the possibility of a North Korean attack.[55] She and former Secretary of Defense William J. Perry both said the false alert highlighted the possibility of an "accidental nuclear war", in which a technical or human error leads to the use of nuclear weapons due to a misunderstanding or misinterpretation.[2][91] 006ab0faaa

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