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Introduction
About
About
The Polydnaviridae is a more recently discovered virus of the polydnaviruses. There are 2 distinct types of Polydnaviridae (Bracovirus and Ichnovirus). These Viruses are known best for there symbiotic realationship with parasotoid wasps. (Strand, Burke)
Identification
Identification
It is hard to physically spot a virus, but unlike most viruses the identification of Polydnaviridae is easy to spot. Every infected wasp that the virus affects has a altered genome making the virus part of its genetic makeup. Once infected with the virus it will forever be in the genome. If you find an infected wasp it and all its offersprings will forever be identified as virus carrying (Strand, Burke).
Synopsis of Primary Article
Synopsis of Primary Article
The primary article being refrienced in this page is a research study about the complex nature of Polydnaviridea and aims to gain insight into its morphological, biochemical, and molecular approches affect the host. The vrisus is often refrered to having a symboitic realtionship with its hosts and the researchers are investigating to what degree this is true. (Albrecht U, et al.).
Background
Realm: Incertae Sedis
Kingdom: Incertae Sedis
Phylum: Incertae Sedis
Class: Incertae Sedis
Order: Incertae Sedis
Family: Polydnaviriformidea
Viruses are not celluar orginisms so they cannot be classified under multi or unicelluar. They do not produce there own food and require a host to reproduce. They do not have a method of defense agisnst preditors as they are forever inbdeded and infected in the genome of the wasps they infect. They have a mutalistic symbotic realtionship with the wasps they infect. To understand the article it is important to know that the virus can only infect the larva inside the mothers sack. This means that the female wasps are the primary transmitter of the virus to the wasp population.
Data Analysis
In this expirment the researches took the polydnavirus and looked at how it affects the wasps genome to better undertand its viral properties. They looked at how the DNA changes when infected by the virus, and found the viral enyzmes cleaving to the DNA. The result of this is the virsus embeding itself into the genome of its host. This means that the virus is unable to be fought off by the wasps immune system leaving it vaurnable to transmit the virus to offspring (Albrecht U, et al.)
Figure 1
Figure 1
This figure shows the larva of the wasps and how at stage 4 the virus rapidly begins to replicate throughout the host. By stage 6 the larva is almost wholly affected by the Polydnavirus. (Albrecht U, et al.)
Figure 2
Figure 2
This figure shows how the nucleocapsid legnth is affected by the infection of Polydnaviruses. This is important becuase this can allow us to see what wasps carry the virus in them before they show signs of infection. (Albrecht U, et al.)
Conclusion
In conclusion by testing how the virus infects the genome of the wasps it allows us predict patterns in transmition. For example by knowing when the larva is fully affected by the virus we know that the wasp is already a deadly carrier before it interatcs with its outside enviroment (Albrecht U, et al.). This is impprtant becuase by passing the virus onto offspring it ensures the virsues ablity to have steady reproduction without having to seek out new targets in its habitat. Once a wasp is infected its whole line will be infected , and thank to the reseach we know to what extent and when the virus takes over wasp larve (Albrecht U, et al.).
References
Albrecht, U., Wyler, T., Pfister-Wilhelm, R., Gruber, A., Stettler, P., Heiniger, P., Kurt, E., Schümperli, D., & Lanzrein, B. (1994, December 1). Polydnavirus of the parasitic wasp Chelonus inanitus (Braconidae): Characterization, Genome Organization and time point of replication. Journal of General Virology. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-75-12-3353
AN;, L. A. S. M. R. B. G. R. V. (2022, February). Identifying bracovirus and ichnovirus genes involved in virion morphogenesis. Current opinion in insect science. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34839031/
Ichnovirus. Ichnovirus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/ichnovirus
Strand, M. R., & Burke, G. R. (2015, May). Polydnaviruses: From Discovery to current insights. Virology. Retrieved February 15, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4424053/#!po=0.684932
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