Richmond Planet, Dec 8, 1917
The Globe Theatre, founded in 1908, was a significant cultural landmark in its community. Located at 510 N 2nd St, it originally opened under the ownership of a white proprietor, the theatre saw a change in management in 1910 when the original owner retired and leased the venue to Arthur L. MacBeth of Norfolk. This marked a shift in the theatre’s operations and its role in local entertainment. However, by 1917, the Globe Theatre had closed its doors, likely due to shifting economic or social conditions, but it reopened later that year, continuing to serve the community with a fresh lease on life.
By 1923, the Globe Theatre was part of a broader theatrical portfolio run by Charles L. Somma, who also managed the Rayo and Hippodrome Theatres. Under Somers' stewardship, the Globe Theatre became a well-known venue for both minstrel shows and motion picture screenings, appealing to a wide audience with its diverse programming. The theatre also earned a reputation for its community involvement, hosting benefits for local charities such as the Colored Old Folks Home and the Friends Orphan Asylum. These charitable events helped to cement the Globe's status not just as an entertainment venue, but as an important civic institution that gave back to the community while providing a space for leisure and cultural enrichment. The Globe’s legacy is a testament to the importance of community-oriented entertainment venues in the early 20th century.
"Coming to the Globe Theatre." Richmond Planet, December 29, 1917.
"Grand Opening of the Globe Theatre." Richmond Planet, September 29, 1917.
Hughes, Meghan Glass. "Please Enjoy the Show: Images of Richmond Theater." Google Arts & Culture. Published by The Valentine. Accessed February 4, 2025. https://artsandculture.google.com/story/please-enjoy-the-show-images-of-richmond-theater-the-valentine-richmond-history-center/4gXRAqouJxsA8A?hl=en.
"Interest in Theatres Acquired by Somma." Richmond Times-Dispatch, July 28, 1933.
"Special Benefit Performance." Richmond Planet, September 29, 1917.
"The Globe Theatre." Richmond Planet, January 29, 1910.
"Weekly Program Hippodrome and Globe Theatres." Richmond Planet, January 18, 1930.
Richmond News Leader, Oct 10, 1937
The Hippodrome Theater, built in 1914 by Walter Coulter and Amanda Thorpe, became a cornerstone of Richmond’s African American cultural life, particularly during the early 20th century. For much of its history, the theater was owned and operated by Charles Somma, who helped shape its role as more than just a performance space—it was a vibrant gathering place for the city’s Black community, reflecting the broader cultural movements of the era. One of the first Black theaters in Richmond to incorporate sound technology, the Hippodrome played a key role in the city’s entertainment scene from the 1920s to the 1940s. During this time, it hosted legendary performers such as Billie Holiday, Louis Armstrong, James Brown, Moms Mabley, and Ella Fitzgerald, solidifying its place as a central venue for groundbreaking African American talent.
In 1937, the theater was acquired by the Abe Lichtman theater chain, and a few years later, in 1945, it suffered a devastating fire, believed to have been caused by an electrical short circuit. Despite the damage, the theater was rebuilt and reopened in 1947 after significant renovations, including an Art Deco redesign and the installation of modern amenities like air conditioning and state-of-the-art technical equipment. The reopening event attracted a crowd of 2,500, marking the theater's return to prominence. In the following decades, however, the Hippodrome's role shifted. By the 1950s, it operated primarily as a movie theater. In 1967, the theatre closed.
The theatre reopened in 1972 as the Richmond Deliverance Center under the auspences of Rev. Nathan Jackson of Elizabeth, New Jersey; who would travel 3 days a week to the Richmond area for his services. In 1980, he sold the building to Dream Merchants, Inc, who reopened the building as a community arts center with the goal of offering first run family pictures. This did not last a year and the building was sold to the Stallings family who ran movies in the venue until the mid-1990's. It then, under Ernie McClintock, tried to became a community arts center hosting the Fun Learning in the Arts Day Camp, where local children learned acting techniques and stage presence. Today, it is a popular event hall.
"Hippodrome Reopens as a Movie Theatre." Richmond Times-Dispatch, December 30, 1982.
"Hippodrome Theatre Week of March 29, 1915." Richmond Planet, March 27, 1915.
Hughes, Meghan Glass. "Please Enjoy the Show: Images of Richmond Theater." Google Arts & Culture. Published by The Valentine. Accessed February 4, 2025. https://artsandculture.google.com/story/please-enjoy-the-show-images-of-richmond-theater-the-valentine-richmond-history-center/4gXRAqouJxsA8A?hl=en.
Jones, Will, "Richmond's Hippodrome: Blues Club eyed for Theater." Richmond Times-Dispatch, May 15, 2008.
"Polishing a Jewel of Jackson Ward." Richmond Times-Dispatch, July 16, 1998.
Roe, Ken. "Hippodrome Theatre." Cinema Treasures. Accessed February 4, 2025. https://cinematreasures.org/theaters/11522.
"That Anti-Segregation Meeting." Richmond Planet, March 27, 1915.
Gernena Charles, "The Talking Movies at the Hippodrome Theatre." Richmond Planet, October 13, 1928.
"Weekly Program Hippodrome and Globe Theatres." Richmond Planet, January 18, 1930.
Wynn, Cassandra, "Community Group Seeks Funds To Restore Abandoned Theater." Richmond Times-Dispatch, November 22, 1980.
Located at 411-415 N 2nd Street, between Marshall and Clay Streets, the Rayo Theatre was a prominent entertainment venue in the early 20th century. In 1921, it was under the management of Broadway Amusement Co., led by Ken E. Finlay. However, by 1923, the theatre was rebranded as the Howard Theatre, when Charles L. Somma, the proprietor of the Globe and Hippodrome theatres leased the venue; only to revert back to its original name, Rayo, in 1924. That same year, the theatre saw a revitalization under the management of Mr. Droste, who transformed the struggling venue into a vibrant hub for high-quality entertainment. With his leadership, the Rayo Theatre became renowned for offering a diverse array of performances, including vaudeville acts by a company of permanent players, plays, and motion pictures.
Under Droste's direction, the theatre developed a loyal following, thanks in large part to its commitment to providing value and exceptional customer service. The venue was known for its unique, weekly promotions that kept audiences coming back for more. Monday nights were souvenir nights with a souvenir given to every attendee, while Wednesday nights featured an unusual and memorable giveaway—a crate of live chickens that were awarded to one lucky audience member. Thursdays were reserved for free dance nights, where between shows, patrons could take to the stage for a dance, with live music provided by Henry Waterson's De Luxe Orchestra. Fridays brought the Dandy Contest, where the best-dressed individual would be crowned, and Saturdays offered Pay Night, during which fifty envelopes containing real money were distributed to lucky ticket holders. The theatre prided itself on its clean, family-friendly atmosphere, advertising itself as "a theatre that you are proud to walk into and proud to take your Mother, Sister, or Wife to, because above all, the shows are CLEAN and the service Courteous." These thoughtful touches and the theatre's commitment to quality helped establish the Rayo Theatre as a beloved staple of local entertainment for many years.
Richmond Planet, Feb 9, 1924
Hughes, Meghan Glass. "Please Enjoy the Show: Images of Richmond Theater." Google Arts & Culture. Published by The Valentine. Accessed February 4, 2025. https://artsandculture.google.com/story/please-enjoy-the-show-images-of-richmond-theater-the-valentine-richmond-history-center/4gXRAqouJxsA8A?hl=en.
"N.A.A.C.P. Mass Meeting Rayo Theatre Sunday." Richmond Planet, July 9, 1921.
"Rayo Theatre Packed." Richmond Planet, February 9, 1924.
"The Rayo Theatre To Open." Richmond Planet, December 29, 1923.
"Rayo Theatre Under New Management." Richmond Planet, September 3, 1921.
Richmond News Leader, Aug 26, 1938
Located at 114 W Broad St, this venue originally opened as the Empire Theatre on December 24, 1911, as a live theater. It was modeled after the Empire Theatre in New York City. It was the first air-conditioned theatre in the city. It was also reportedly the first theatre in Richmond post-Reconstruction to have black seating, converting its top gallery. Its proprietor, Moses Hofheimer even went as far as having Virginia state legislation changed to state: "Every person... operating... any public hall, theater, opera house, motion picture show or any place of public entertainment which is attended by both white and colored persons, shall separate the white race and the colored race."
After closing in 1915, it was re-established the same year as the Strand Theatre, being fitted with movie screening technology. It continued operations until it was severely damaged by a fire in 1927. Following several years of vacancy, the building was acquired by Lichtman Theatres in 1933 and rebranded as the Booker-T Theatre. This reimagined venue specifically catered to African American audiences, offering a combination of film screenings and vaudeville performances. Additionally, the Richmond News Leader, a local daily newspaper, sponsored promotions offering free movie tickets to the public, further integrating the theater into the cultural fabric of the city's Black community.
The theatre closed in 1974. It then became a children's theatre with the Theatre IV troop (now known as Virginia Rep), which owns and operates the building today as the Sara Belle and Neil November Theatre. It is the oldest surviving theatre building in the city.
Hughes, Meghan Glass. "Please Enjoy the Show: Images of Richmond Theater." Google Arts & Culture. Published by The Valentine. Accessed February 4, 2025. https://artsandculture.google.com/story/please-enjoy-the-show-images-of-richmond-theater-the-valentine-richmond-history-center/4gXRAqouJxsA8A?hl=en.
"November Theatre History." Virginia Repertory Theatre, published 2019. Accessed February 4, 2025. https://virginiarep.org/nt_history.html.
Located at 116 W Broad St, adjacent to the Booker T Theatre, the building was originally constructed in 1912 as the Little Theatre. This theatre was Richmond's first dedicated movie house. It was rebranded in 1936 when it reopened on New Year’s Eve under the management of Walter Shivers, a former manager of the Booker T Theatre, and as part of the Lichtman Theatre Chain. The theater had a seating capacity of 392 and featured films that ran for a full week, with new shows starting every Friday. Before its reopening, a naming contest was held, and the winning suggestion, "Walker," was submitted by Mattie Booker, earning her a $25 prize. Additionally, the Richmond News Leader, a local daily newspaper, sponsored promotions offering free movie tickets to the public, further integrating the theater into the cultural fabric of the city.
The Walker Theatre operated until its closure in 1963, but it was revived on December 12, 1975, as the Edison Theatre, focusing on art films. In subsequent years, the venue transitioned to a children’s theater under the Theatre IV troupe, now known as Virginia Rep, which continues to operate the building today as the Theatre Gym. The Walker name, associated with this long history of community engagement, reflects the evolution of the space through various cultural roles, from cinema to theater for young audiences.
Richmond News Leader, 1943
Hughes, Meghan Glass. "Please Enjoy the Show: Images of Richmond Theater." Google Arts & Culture. Published by The Valentine. Accessed February 4, 2025. https://artsandculture.google.com/story/please-enjoy-the-show-images-of-richmond-theater-the-valentine-richmond-history-center/4gXRAqouJxsA8A?hl=en.
"November Theatre History." Virginia Repertory Theatre, published 2019. Accessed February 4, 2025. https://virginiarep.org/nt_history.html.
Roe, Ken. "Walker Theater." Cinema Treasures. Accessed February 4, 2025. https://cinematreasures.org/theaters/11511.
"Walker Theatre to Open Tonight." Richmond News Leader, December 31, 1936.
Richmond was home to a vibrant array of Black nightclubs that served as vital cultural hubs within a segregated society. These clubs were not just entertainment spaces, but also focal points for social interaction and cultural expression within a segregated city. Prominent venues like the Roseland Ballroom and Orchestra, located at 10 W Leigh, hosted live performances by popular bands such as the Johnson Happy Pals, the Hardy Brothers, Tommy Miles and his Orchestra, and the Colombians. Another notable establishment, Batts Smoke Shop, situated in the True Reformer Building at 604 N 2nd St, became famous for its female impersonators and the provocative performances of acts like Percy "P" Green, Mother's Smother and Rubberleg Williams, which pushed social boundaries and provided a space for marginalized voices to be heard.
As the city entered World War II, Richmond's Black nightlife scene expanded with iconic spots such as the Casablanca, Layman’s, and the Shanghai (404 N 2nd St), the latter managed by J. Thomas Wright. These venues became increasingly important during wartime, offering a sanctuary for the Black community to gather, celebrate, and escape the stresses of the era. Other well-known establishments during this period included Shorty’s, the Top Hat, the Blue Room, the Heat Wave, and the No-Name, each contributing to a rich tapestry of nightlife options. The Warehouse, which continued to sell alcohol long after the closing time mandated by the Alcoholic Beverage Control Board, was another site where socializing and rebellion against the status quo intersected.
Additionally, venues like the Casino and the Royal Cotton (11 1/2 W Marshall St) were emblematic of how Black nightclubs in Richmond provided more than just entertainment—they were spaces where the pleasures of music, dance, and camaraderie were central to the experience of Black Richmonders, often in the face of racial and social oppression. These establishments not only offered respite from the challenges of segregation, but also nurtured the development of a unique cultural identity within the city, where music and performance became both a form of resistance and a means of social cohesion.
Present site of the Shanghai, 404 N 2nd St
Richmond Times-Dispatch, March 20, 1936
"Battle of Music." Richmond Times-Dispatch, March 20, 1936.
Hill's Richmond City Directory. Richmond, VA: Hill Directory Company, 1907-1970.
Mitchell, Tom. "Funeral Services held for Percy (P) Green, Showman." The Afro-American, January 30, 1954.
Mitchell, Tom. "Funeral Services held for Percy (P) Green, Showman." The Afro-American, January 30, 1954.
Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Richmond, Independent Cities, Virginia. Sanborn Map Company, -1925 Vol. 2, 1925, 1925. Map. https://www.loc.gov/item/sanborn09064_007/.
Black sports played a significant role in the cultural and social life of the African American community, especially during the era of segregation. The city was home to a vibrant athletic scene, where school sports, amateur clubs, and professional teams drew large crowds and fostered community pride.
Baseball, in particular, was a major sport within Richmond’s Black community, highlighted by the Richmond Giants. Established in the early 20th century, the Giants played against some of the most formidable teams in Black baseball history, including the Washington Potomacs, the Baltimore Black Sox, and the Philadelphia Stars. In 1923, the Giants gained a new home at Virginia Union's Hovey Field, a modern baseball park that featured bleachers seating up to 3,500-4,000 spectators, a full clubhouse with modern facilities like showers, and protection from weather. This state-of-the-art stadium was used not only by the Giants but also by Virginia Union University and local amateur teams, further cementing the importance of baseball in Richmond’s Black community. Despite the lack of opportunities for Black athletes in white-majority leagues, the Richmond Giants and other Black teams found a home in the Negro Leagues, where they could showcase their talents and connect with a wider network of African American athletes.
Richmond Planet, Apr 14, 1923
Richmond Planet, Nov 18, 1899
Richmond Planet, Aug 17, 1907
Richmond Planet, Apr 14, 1923
Amateur sports played an important role in Black Richmond. Social clubs frequently faced off in friendly but competitive matches. Teams like the Richmond Athletic Club, the YMCA, the Pythian Giants, the Eclipse Baseball Club, and the St. James Sluggers also contributed to the city’s sporting culture, providing opportunities for athletic expression and community engagement. One notable example was a 1923 baseball game between the Capitol City Elks and the American Woodmen, with the Elks emerging victorious in their contests. These amateur teams helped to maintain a sense of unity and competition within Richmond’s Black community, especially when formal opportunities for Black athletes to compete in mainstream sports were limited by segregation.
In addition to amateur and professional sports, the two most prominent high school athletic programs in the city were Armstrong High School and Maggie L. Walker High School, the only two Black high schools in Richmond before desegregation. These schools’ sports teams, the Armstrong Wildcats and the Walker Dragons, had a fierce rivalry that captivated the entire city. From 1938 to 1978, the Armstrong-Walker Classic was a key football game held annually on the Saturday after Thanksgiving. It brought the city together for a thrilling contest between the two schools. Despite being ineligible to compete in the Virginia High School League championships due to segregation, the game continued to be a highly anticipated event even after integration maintaining its traditional date and a family-like atmosphere. Families were often divided, with some members supporting Armstrong and others supporting Walker, but the competition fostered mutual respect and camaraderie once the game was over.
And the pinnacle of sports life rested with Virginia Union. Dr. Hovey, dean from 1904-1918, a former athlete, was instrumental in developing VUU’s Athletic Program. In 1907, he purchased an 11-acre plot of land across Lombardy Street for $8,483.55, part of which was developed into the university’s primary athletic field, later named Hovey Field. Under his leadership, VUU formed its first basketball team in 1909, expanded its football and baseball programs, and became a charter member of the CIAA in 1912. Hovey believed that Sports for young men and women are what play is for children, a value for both the mind and body. In 1948, upgrades including lights, a press box, and extra seating were added at a cost of $35,000. The stadium underwent major renovations in 1985, and in 2001, a new irrigation system and fresh sod were installed. It was the oldest natural grass stadium until 2020, when grass was replaced by turf.
Maggie Walker Dragons, 1974
Armstrong Wildcats, 1960
"Attention! Base Ball Players." Richmond Planet, September 1, 1894.
"Baseball." Richmond Planet, August 17, 1907.
"Baseball." Richmond Planet, May 27, 1922.
"Col. Pollard's Criticism: Local Pride Lacking – Colored Folks Root for the Wrong Team" Richmond Planet, December 17, 1921.
"East End Notes- Base-Ball." Richmond Planet, September 18, 1897.
"Football." Richmond Planet, November 18, 1899.
"Giants-VU-Potomac." Richmond Planet, April 14, 1923.
Hill's Richmond City Directory. Richmond, VA: Hill Directory Company, 1907-1970.
Junot, Jim. “Who Was Hovey?” VUU Sports, April 13, 2011. https://vuusports.com/news/2011/4/13/FB_0413111736.aspx.
"The Giants may join Eastern Association." Richmond Planet, March 24, 1923.
"Unions Schedule." Richmond Planet, April 14, 1923.
Whitt, Michael. United in Rivalry: Richmond's Armstrong-Maggie Walker Classic. Charleston, SC: History Press Library Editions, 2009.