No More Rainbows Free Download

Rainbows are produced when water droplets refract sunlight. Sunlight and rainfall are therefore essential ingredients for rainbows. Human activities such as burning fossil fuels are warming the atmosphere, which changes patterns and amounts of rainfall and cloud cover.

Rainbows form when sunlight refracts through water droplets in the sky. Climate change is altering the patterns and amounts of rainfall and cloud cover on Earth. Taking these two facts into account, Kimberly Carlson, now at New York University, wanted to see how climate change would impact rainbows. Carlson said:

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The researchers found that areas of the world that are warming will see less snow and more rain. So these areas, such as mountainous regions or places farther north on the globe, have more chances for seeing rainbows increases. While drought will take away the rain necessary to produce a rainbow in some locations, overall, the chance for rainbows across the globe increases by an average of 5%.

Islands are the best places to view rainbows. This is because island terrain lifts the air during daily sea breezes, producing localized showers surrounded by clear skies that let the sun in to produce majestic rainbows.

"Living in Hawai'i, I felt grateful that stunning, ephemeral rainbows were a part of my daily life," said the lead author of the study, Kimberly Carlson, who is now at New York University's Department of Environmental Studies. "I wondered how climate change might affect such rainbow viewing opportunities."

To answer this question, a team including students at UH Manoa looked at photographs uploaded to Flickr, a social media platform where people share photographs. They sorted through tens of thousands of photos taken around the world, labeled with the word "rainbow," to identify rainbows generated from the refraction of light by rain droplets.

Amanda Wong, then an undergraduate student in Global Environmental Science in the UH Manoa School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST) and a co-author on the paper, noted, "We had to sort through photos of rainbow artwork, rainbow flags, rainbow trout, rainbow eucalyptus, and rainbow foods to find the real rainbows."

"Islands are the best places to view rainbows," according to Steven Businger, professor of Atmospheric Sciences in SOEST. "This is because island terrain lifts the air during daily sea breezes, producing localized showers surrounded by clear skies that let the sun in to produce majestic rainbows."

The Hawaiian Islands, recently dubbed the "rainbow capital of the world," are predicted to experience a few more days with rainbows per year. The authors stopped short of discussing how changes in rainbow occurrence might affect human wellbeing. However, rainbows are an important part of human culture throughout history and around the world and are aesthetically pleasing.

"Climate change will generate pervasive changes across all aspects of the human experience on Earth. Shifts in intangible parts of our environment -- such as sound and light -- are part of these changes and deserve more attention from researchers," said Carlson.

Global climate change is of course predicted to have significant downsides, including more wildfires, droughts, extreme temperatures, flooding, and climate refugees, just to name a few problems. We should not downplay these dangers. However, it is also worth noting that there can be positives sprinkled among the negatives, including even benefits to our natural environment and human wellbeing.

The authors of the study used a unique research strategy, which involved downloading more than 100,000 images of rainbows off of the photo-sharing website Flickr, and then capturing information about locations and local weather conditions using machine learning and other methods.

Currently, the global distribution of rainbow conditions is far from equal. Areas around the poles and deserts, such as in the Middle East, tend to experience fewer rainbow days than more coastal, tropical areas, such as southern Liberia or eastern Nicaragua.

More rainbows could materialize in the future due to factors such as increased precipitation and reduced cloud cover. The areas most likely to gain rainbow days are those at higher latitudes and high elevation. A good example is the Tibetan plateau. Some of these areas are associated with smaller human populations. Nevertheless, the authors still predict the average person will have more opportunities to observe rainbows in 2100 when compared to 2000.

I am a Senior Editor at Forbes, leading our coverage of the workplace, careers and leadership issues. Before joining Forbes, I wrote for the Washington Post for more than a decade covering workplace issues, corporate management, leadership and governance. Prior to that, I was a staff writer and reporter at BusinessWeek, Fast Company and SmartMoney magazines. An Atlanta native, I graduated from the University of Georgia, where I studied history and journalism. Follow me on Twitter @jenamcgregor.

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Carson, an assistant professor at New York University, tackled that puzzle with a team of researchers in a new study in the journal Global Environmental Change. They assembled data from images of rainbows on Flickr to map out occurrences around the world. Then they built a model to estimate how rainbow occurrences would shift under different climate change scenarios. They found that by 2100, rainbows would occur 4 to 5 percent more often.

The researchers found that locations that are expected to have less rainfall in a warmer climate, such as the Mediterranean region, will see fewer rainbows, while places that expect more rainfall, like high elevation locations where snowfall will shift to rain, will see more rainbows.

Research on rainbows and climate change may not be as essential as studying its effects on food, water and survival, Carson said, but she believes the natural beauty of places can have a role in our wellbeing.

They found that people who were shown the eco-label were more likely to choose the veggie or chicken option over the beef option compared to the control group. The social nudge label also caused people to change their choices, but the eco-label appeared to be more effective, the study found.

A new study by researchers at the University of Hawaii at Manoa showed that climate change will increase the number of rainbows, especially in northern latitudes and very high elevation areas, according to a news release.

Northern latitudes and very high elevation areas will likely gain the most rainbows as warming creates less snow and more rain. Places with reduced rainfall, like the Mediterranean, will experience fewer days with rainbows.

Rainbows form when sunlight hits a rain droplet and the light is refracted. With the warming of the atmosphere due to humans burning fossil fuels, changes in the amount of rain and cloud cover will impact the number of days people see rainbows.

Around 66-79% of land areas will gain rainbows, mostly high-latitude and high-elevation places, like Alaska, northern Norway, the Korean Peninsula, Japan, the Tibetan Plateau, eastern Borneo and others.

Around 21-34% of land areas will lose rainbow days. The places that will see a decline in rainbows include the Mediterranean, much of Brazil and northeast South America, southern Australia, and parts of Central and Southern Africa.

Using crowd-sourced images, global climate data and a computer model, the scientists found around 21 to 34 percent of land areas will see fewer of these 'rainbow days', with 66 to 79 percent seeing rainbows increase in number as the world warms up.

While more rainbow sightings may not be much consolation in the face of widespread drought and torrential floods, the research team want to see less tangible shifts like this factored into climate change predictions to highlight just how much our natural world might change.

"Living in Hawai'i, I felt grateful that stunning, ephemeral rainbows were a part of my daily life," says land systems scientist Kimberly Carlson, who is now at New York University. "I wondered how climate change might affect such rainbow viewing opportunities."

The forecasts were made by studying tens of thousands of photos of rainbows publicly available on the Flickr photo sharing site. If the location was recorded, these images were referenced against maps of precipitation, cloud cover, and the angle of the Sun. e24fc04721