In many cultures, people are considered to be worthy of respect until they prove otherwise. Some people may earn special respect through their exemplary actions or social roles. In so-called "honor cultures", respect is more often earned in this way than granted by default.[2] Courtesies that show respect may include simple words and phrases like "thank you" in the West or "namaste" in the Indian subcontinent, or simple physical signs like a slight bow, a smile, direct eye contact, or a handshake. Such acts may have very different interpretations depending on the cultural context.

For example, it is disrespectful not to use polite language and honorifics when speaking in Japanese with someone having a higher social status. The Japanese honorific "san" can be used when English is spoken.[3]


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In Islamic cultures, there are many ways to show respect to people. For example, one may kiss the hands of parents, grandparents, or teachers. Also, it is narrated in the sayings of Muhammad that if a person looks at the faces of parents and teachers with a smile, he or she will definitely be rewarded by Allah with success and happiness.[citation needed]

In India, it is customary that, out of respect, when a person's foot accidentally touches a book or any written material (considered to be a manifestations of Saraswati, the goddess of knowledge) or another person's body, it will be followed by an apology in the form of a single hand gesture (pranma) with the right hand, where the offending person first touches the object with the finger tips and then the forehead and/or chest. This also counts for money, which is considered to be a manifestation of the goddess of wealth, Lakshmi.[5] Pranma, or the touching of feet in Indian culture is a sign of respect. For instance, when a child is greeting his or her grandparent, they typically will touch their hands to their grandparents' feet. In Indian culture, it is believed that the feet are a source of power and love.[6]

Many gestures or physical acts that are common in the West can be considered disrespectful in Japan. For instance, one should not point directly at someone. When greeting someone or thanking them, it may be insulting if the person of lower status does not bow lower than the person with higher status. The duration and level of the bow depends on many factors such as age and status.[7] Some signs of physical respect apply to women only. If a woman does not wear cosmetics or a brassiere, it is possible that she will be considered unprofessional or others may think she does not care about her situation.

In Chinese culture, bowing is generally reserved as a sign of respect for elders and ancestors. When bowing, they place the fist of the right hand in the palm of their left at stomach level. The deeper the bow, the more respect they are showing.

Traditionally, there was not much hand-shaking in Chinese culture. However, this gesture is now widely practiced among men, especially when greeting Westerners or other foreigners. Many Westerners may find Chinese handshakes to be too long or too weak, but this is because a weaker handshake is a gesture of humility and respect.[4]

Kowtowing, or kneeling and bowing so deeply that one's forehead is touching the floor, is practiced during worship at temples. Kowtowing is a powerful gesture reserved mainly for honoring the dead or offering deep respect at a temple.[4]

Many codes of behavior revolve around young people showing respect to older people. Filial piety is a virtue of having respect for ancestors, family, and elders. As in many cultures, younger Chinese individuals are expected to defer to older people, let them speak first, sit down after them, and not contradict them. Sometimes when an older person enters a room, everyone stands. People are often introduced from oldest to youngest. Often, younger people will go out of their way to open doors for their elders and not cross their legs in front of them. The older you are the more respect you are expected to be treated with.[4]

In many indigenous American societies, respect is viewed as a moral value that teaches indigenous people about their culture. This moral value is treated as a process that influences participation in the community and also helps people develop and become integrated into their culture. For this reason, the value of respect is taught during childhood.[9]

Respect as a form of behavior and participation is especially important as a basis of how children must conduct themselves in their community. Children engage in mature activities such as cooking for the family, cleaning and sweeping the house, caring for infant peers, and crop work. Indigenous children learn to view their participation in these activities as a representation of respect. Through this manner of participation in activities of respect, children not only learn about culture but also practice it as well.[citation needed]

According to Franklin biographer Matt Dobkin, "Redding's version is characteristically funky, with his raspy-soulful singing and electric vocal charisma front and center", utilizing "playful horns and sexy, mock-beleaguered vocals".[6] According to NPR, Redding's version "reinforced the traditional family structure of the time: Man works all day, brings money home to wife and demands her respect in return."[7]

esteem for or a sense of the worth or excellence of a person, a personal quality or ability, or something considered as a manifestation of a personal quality or ability: I have great respect for her judgment.

deference to a right, privilege, privileged position, or someone or something considered to have certain rights or privileges; proper acceptance or courtesy; acknowledgment: respect for a suspect's right to counsel; to show respect for the flag; respect for the elderly.

The ubiquity and significance of respect and self-respect in everydaylife largely explains why philosophers, particularly in moral andpolitical philosophy, have been interested in these two concepts. Theyturn up in a multiplicity of philosophical contexts, includingdiscussions of justice and equality, injustice and oppression,autonomy and agency, moral and political rights and duties, moralmotivation and moral development, cultural diversity and toleration,punishment and political violence, and a host of applied ethicscontexts. Although a wide variety of things are said to deserverespect, contemporary philosophical interest in respect hasoverwhelmingly been focused on respect for persons, the idea that allpersons should be treated with respect simply because they arepersons. This focus owes much to the 18th century Germanphilosopher, Immanuel Kant, who argued that all and only persons andthe moral law they autonomously legislate are appropriate objects ofthe morally most significant attitude of respect. Although honor,esteem, and prudential regard played important roles in moral andpolitical theories before him, Kant was the first major Westernphilosopher to put respect for persons, including oneself, at the verycenter of moral theory, and his insistence that persons are ends inthemselves with an absolute dignity who must always be respected hasbecome a core ideal of modern humanism and political liberalism. Inrecent years many people have argued that moral respect ought also tobe extended to things other than persons, such as nonhuman livingbeings and the natural environment.

Despite the widespread acknowledgment of the importance of respect andself-respect in moral and political life and theory, there is nosettled agreement in either everyday thinking or philosophicaldiscussion about such issues as how to understand the concepts, whatthe appropriate objects of respect are, what is involved in respectingvarious objects, and what the scope is of any moral requirementsregarding respect and self-respect. This entry will survey these andrelated issues.

Philosophers have approached the concept of respect with a variety ofquestions. (1) One set concerns the nature of respect, including (a)What sort of thing is respect? Philosophers have variously identifiedit as a mode of behavior, a form of treatment, a kind of valuing, atype of attention, a motive, an attitude, a feeling, a tribute, aprinciple, a duty, an entitlement, a moral virtue, an epistemicvirtue: are any of these categories more central than others? (b) Arethere different kinds of respect? If so, is any more basic thanothers? (c) Are there different levels or degrees of respect? (d) Whatare the distinctive elements of respect, or a specific kind ofrespect? What beliefs, attitudes, emotions, and motives does (aspecific kind of) respect involve, and what ways of acting andforbearing to act express or constitute or are regulated by it? (e) Towhat other attitudes, actions, valuings, duties, etc., is respect (ora specific kind) similar, and with what does it contrast? Inparticular, how is respect similar to, different from, or connectedwith esteem, honor, love, awe, reverence, recognition, toleration,dignity, contempt, indifference, discounting, denigration, and soon? (2) A second set of questions concerns objects of respect,including (a)What sorts of things can be reasonably be said to warrantrespect? (b) What are the bases or grounds for respect, i.e., thefeatures of or facts about objects in virtue of which it is reasonableand perhaps obligatory to respect them? (c) Must every appropriateobject always be respected? Can respect be forfeited, can lost respectbe regained? (3) A third set of questions focuses on moral dimensionsof respect, including (a) Are there moral requirements to respectcertain types of objects, and, if so, what are the scope and groundsof such requirements? (b) Why is respect morally important? What, ifanything, does it add to morality over and above the conduct,attitudes, and character traits required or encouraged by variousmoral principles or virtues? (c) What does respect entail morally forhow we should treat one another in everyday interactions, for issuesin specific contexts such as health care and the workplace, and forfraught issues such as abortion, racial and gender justice, and globalinequality? e24fc04721

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