Nick'sNeuroLab

De Souza, R. S., Pinheiro, P. P., Silval, J. M. F. L., Neto, M. L. R., & Filho, J. A. M. (2015). Traumatic brain injury (TBI): Morbidity, mortality, and economic implications. *International Archives of Medicine, 8*(73). ISSN: 1755-7682. 

Madsen T, Erlangsen A, Orlovska S, Mofaddy R, Nordentoft M, Benros ME. Association Between Traumatic Brain Injury and Risk of Suicide. JAMA. 2018;320(6):580–588. 

 Schofield PW, Malacova E, Preen DB, D’Este C, Tate R, Reekie J, et al. (2015) Does Traumatic Brain Injury Lead to Criminality? A Whole- Population Retrospective Cohort Study Using Linked Data. PLoS ONE 10(7):

Gottshall, K. R., & Sessoms, P. H. (2015). Improvements in dizziness and imbalance results from using a multi-disciplinary and multi-sensory approach to Vestibular Physical Therapy - a case study. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 9(106).

Rogers, B. P., Morgan, V. L., Newton, A. T., & Gore, J. C. (2007). Assessing Functional Connectivity in the Human Brain by fMRI. Magn Reson Imaging, 25(10), 1347-1357.

Hotz, G. A., Castelblanco, A., Lara, I. M., Weiss, A. D., Duncan, R., & Kuluz, J. W. (2006). Snoezelen: A controlled multi-sensory stimulation therapy for children recovering from severe brain injury. Brain Injury, 20(8), 879-888.

Poza, J., Gómez, C., Gutiérrez, M. T., Mendoza, N., & Hornero, R. (2012). Effects of a multi-sensory environment on brain-injured patients: Assessment of spectral patterns. Medical Engineering & Physics,  15, 47011.

Parameters 

Time spent searching parimiter = anxiety

time spent in center = less anxious

the difference of the two shows overall anxiety.

m11.19approximately 36-46 seconds towrd center crosses over 13 times

F11.24 33 sec 9 cross

m11.15 37 sec 6 cross

42 sec 8 cross

This article studied the various aspects of human physiological functioning that are impacted by white and how it relates to recovery from Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI). This study implicates circadiana rhythms, sleep-wake regulations, alertness, cognition, and mood as systems influenced by light, particularly blue light. The study suggests that blue light therapy (possibly red and green light also)could be a valuable treatment method for mTBI

report
Spatial learning and memory are normally assessed using the radial arm maze (R.A.M.)

first rats or mice are trained to navigate the maze  and find rewards. Memory of spatial cues allows them to find rewards.

Second the animals are tested to see how easily they find the rewards. It tests and compares reference memory and working memory.

Female rats were observed under the affects of chronic stress lasting for 21 days and 28 days in this study. Corticosterone (CORT) levels were measured periodically throughout the study to classify amount of stress. The rats were placed in the maze before and after the stress period. The results showed improvement in memory after the 21 day test group, but not for the 28 day test group. Both test groups had increased weight loss compared with the control.

jasmeet hayes is researcher the studies primarily tbi and ptsd. Dr. Hayes is Associate Professor of Psychology with primary affiliations in the Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience Areas. She is also a faculty member in the Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging, Chronic Brain Injury, and Sports Medicine Programs. Dr. Hayes graduated with High Honors from the University of California, Berkeley. She completed her Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology (specialization in Neuropsychology) at the University of Arizona. 

Whyte, J., Schuster, K., Polansky, M., Adams, J., & Coslett, H. B. (2000). Frequency and duration of inattentive behavior after traumatic brain injury: Effects of distraction, task, and practice. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6(1), 1–11. Copyright © 2000 INS. Published by Cambridge University Press. Printed in the USA.

Attention retention is difficult for individuals who have suffered a traumatic brain injury and this study explored the scope of TBI’s impact on attention. 20 TBI patients were observed by researchers, along with 20 controls in distracting environments, that measured off task behaviors, their durations, and their relationship to distractions. The results show that TBI patients are less attentive than controls, even without distractions. There was no correlation between severity of injury and duration of distraction period.

Angoa-pérez, M., Zagorac, B., Anneken, J. H., Briggs, D. I., Winters, A. D., Greenberg, J. M., Ahmad, M., Theis, K. R., & Kuhn, D. M. . Repetitive, mild traumatic brain injury results in a progressive white matter pathology, cognitive deterioration, and a transient gut microbiota dysbiosis. Nature.com Journal of Scientific Report.

Gastrointestinal and metabolic issues are often symptoms of TBI suggesting that gut microbiota Affect the outcomes of traumatic brain injury. This study set forth to ask the question on how our microbiome might have an effect on recovery from injury. Therefore, exposed male mice to mild head impacts on a daily basis for 20 days and examined cognitive behavior, neuropathology and get microbiota disruptions on multiple occasions post injury. The results showed that the difference between the test and the control to be minimal in their microbiome. This is thought to be due to the fact that gastrointestinal and metabolic issues are more commonly associated with severe TBIs.

Popovitz, J., Mysore, S. P., & Adwanikar, H. (2019). Long-Term Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury on Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Mice: Behavioral and Neural Correlates. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13, 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00013.

This study wanted to explore the affects of TBI on  anxiety and anxiety related behavior that affect approximately 70% of TBI patients. The study was conducted on mice by mimicking TBI with incisions to their brains. They then recorded behavioral data on the mice every 2 weeks for 2 months. The study was designed to exploit the animals natural conflict between protection and exploration of a new environment. The results showed us that the mice had an immediate onset of anxiety related behaviors that gradually tapered down over the seven weeks, but with no real recovery showing at seven weeks.

De Vries, G. J., & Buijs, R. M. (1983). The Origin of the Vasopressinergic and Oxytocinergic Innervation of the Rat Brain with Special Reference to the Lateral Septum. Brain Research, 273, 307-317. Elsevier.

In this study scientist search for the origins of Vasopressin-containing fibers in the lateral septum of rats. Multiple methods were used in this study, those include the tract tracing and lesioning of specific areas in the brain related to the origin of Vasopressin-containing fibers. The results of this paper revealed that tracer injections are more effective than iontophoresis. Tetramethylbenzidine was more effective than the diaminobenzidine for tract tracing 

Möller, M. L., Melkas, S., & Johansson, J. (2020). Improving Visual Function after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Using a Vision Therapy Program: Case Reports. Brain Sciences, 10(12), 973. doi:10.3390/brainsci10120973

This case report discusses the outcomes of vision therapy for three patients who experienced visual symptoms following mild traumatic brain injuries (MTBI). participants where tested on the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) scale, and then accepted into the study if they had high enough scores. The vision therapy program involved in-person sessions and home-based tasks. All patients found that the therapy enhanced their vision and assisted in overall recovery of the TBI.

Dancause, N., Barbay, S., Frost, S. B., Plautz, E. J., Chen, D., Zoubina, E. V., Stowe, A. M., & Nudo, R. J. (2005). Extensive Cortical Rewiring after Brain Injury. The Journal of Neuroscience, 25(44), 10167–10179.

This study explored changes in the ventral premotor cortex (PMv) following injury to the primary motor cortex (M1). Researchers use tracers that were injected into the hand area correlated to the PMv after M1 damage, and saw a substantial increase in new PMv connections, cells in the primary somatosensory cortex, and alerted targets for axons near the injury site. The findings in this article show the injuries like strokes can lead to an extensive reorganization of neuroanatomical structures that are near and far from the site of injury.

Harris, N. G., Verley, D. R., Gutman, B. A., & Sutton, R. L. (2016). Bi-directional changes in fractional anisotropy after experimental TBI: disorganization and reorganization? Neuroimage, 133, 129-143. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.012.

diffusions tensor imaging is used in this study to understang the to total extent of damage done in brain after TBIs. diffusions tensor imaging is an imaging technique that tracks the flow of water through the whitematter tracks of the brain. 

Ciuffreda, K. J., Rutner, D., Kapoor, N., Suchoff, I. B., Craig, S., & Han, M. E. (2008). Vision therapy for oculomotor dysfunctions in acquired brain injury: A retrospective analysis. Optometry, 79, 18-22.

Occulomotor dystfunction is one of the most common symptoms exhibited in TBI’s( traumatic brain injury).  220 individuals participated in the study 160 of them had mild TBIs and 60 of them had CVAs (cerebrovascular accident). After receiving vision therapy 90% of TBI participants and 100% of CVA participants saw long term improvement.

Schweitzer, A. D., Niogi, S. N., Whitlow, C. T., Tsiouris, A. J. (Year, if available). Traumatic Brain Injury: Imaging Patterns and Complications. 

this article discussed the use of ct scrans in most traumatic brain injuries, but the also discussed using mri's for more detail imaiges of brain injuries.

Ghosh, A., Haiss, F., Sydekum, E., Schneider, R., Gullo, M., Wyss, M. T., Mueggler, T., Baltes, C., Rudin, M., Weber, B., & Schwab, M. E. 2010. Rewiring of hindlimb corticospinal neurons after spinal cord injury. Nature, 13

In this study thoracic lesions were created in rat in order to trace the rewiring of the corticospinal neurons of the hindlimb cortex to the spinal cord. This was done to increase dependence on forelimbs over an 8 week period and then track neural growth with VSD imaging and BOLD fMRI.

The results showed that the forelimb sensorimotor cortex had expanded to include parts of the hindlimb sensorimotor cortex providing quicker responses to areas unaffected by the injury.

Davis, L. M., Pauly, J. R., Readnower, R. D., Rho, J. M., & Sullivan, P. G. (2008). Fasting Is Neuroprotective Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 86, 1812-1822.

This research article was about the neuro protective effects produced through fasting in mice. Three groups of mice used, the first group ate as they choose (control), the second group was put on a 24 hr fast, and the third group a 48 hr fast. all three groups where given an incision in the brain to mimic brain damage.  the effects of ketosis reduced tissue loss, increased mitochondrial function, and improved cognition.