Statement of Concern About Increasing Political Repression in Nicaragua Ahead of the 2021 Elections / Carta abierta sobre la escalada de represión política en Nicaragua antes de las elecciones de 2021
Statement of Concern About Increasing Political Repression in Nicaragua Ahead of the 2021 Elections / Carta abierta sobre la escalada de represión política en Nicaragua antes de las elecciones de 2021
Statement of Concern About Increasing Political Repression in Nicaragua Ahead of the 2021 Elections
We, the undersigned, are scholars and researchers of Latin American politics and social issues, many of us focused on Nicaragua. We are gravely concerned by the Nicaraguan government’s treatment of its political opponents. We call on the Nicaraguan government to release detained opposition presidential candidates, civil society figures, and all other political prisoners. We urge international actors to press Nicaragua’s government to revoke laws restricting civil liberties and to allow truly free and fair elections in November.
The government’s crackdown on mass protests after April 2018 left over 300 dead and thousands injured. Many more were imprisoned or forced into exile. These abuses were documented by the United Nations, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, and other independent experts. Since 2018, President Daniel Ortega and Vice President Rosario Murillo’s government has resisted calls for early elections and democratizing reforms. Instead, the government appears determined to make the scheduled November 2021 elections even less democratic. As of July 7, police have arrested six of the most prominent potential opposition presidential candidates—Cristiana Chamorro, Arturo Cruz, Félix Maradiaga, Juan Sebastián Chamorro, Miguel Mora, and Medardo Mairena—and members of their families and staff, as well as leaders of the business community and civil society organizations. These include former chamber of commerce president José Adán Aguerri, activist Violeta Granera, and former government minister and economist José Pallais, and arrests have been continuing. Other activists and journalists are facing legal threats or surveillance, while civil society groups and international organizations’ activities are severely restricted. Protest remains criminalized.
We urgently call on the Nicaraguan government to cease this repression, release all political prisoners, and to work with the opposition to commit to holding free and fair elections. Barring immediate action by the government to fulfill these conditions, it is imperative that governments, intergovernmental bodies, and international organizations collaborate to bring additional diplomatic pressure to bear on the Ortega-Murillo government, while taking care to avoid collateral impacts on the Nicaraguan people as a whole after several years of economic hardship. All Nicaraguans deserve to determine who governs them and to live in a society without fear of the state. At a time when political freedoms are under threat throughout the Americas, it is crucial to support Nicaraguans struggling for democracy, and to ensure the Ortega-Murillo government’s repression is not seen as an example for leaders and a warning for dissidents elsewhere in the region.
Those wishing to sign the letter can do so here.
Carta abierta sobre la escalada de represión política en Nicaragua antes de las elecciones de 2021
Nosotros, las y los firmantes, somos académicos e investigadores de la política y de temas sociales de América Latina, muchos de nosotros enfocados en Nicaragua. Estamos gravemente preocupados por el trato a ciudadanos opositores por parte del gobierno nicaragüense. Hacemos un llamado al gobierno nicaragüense para que libere de la detención los candidatos presidenciales de oposición, los actores de la sociedad civil, así como todos los demás prisioneros políticos. Instamos a la comunidad internacional a presionar al gobierno nicaragüense para que revoque leyes que restringen las libertades civiles y permita elecciones verdaderamente libres y justas en noviembre.
La violenta represión gubernamental de las manifestaciones populares después de abril del 2018 dejó al menos 300 muertos y miles de heridos. Muchas más personas fueron encarceladas o forzadas al exilio, cifras y abusos confirmados por la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH), la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU), y otros expertos independientes. Desde 2018, el gobierno del presidente Daniel Ortega y la vicepresidenta Rosario Murillo ha resistido cualquier llamada para realizar elecciones adelantadas o implementar reformas democratizadoras. Al contrario, el gobierno parece haber decidido asegurar que las elecciones programadas para noviembre de 2021 sean muy lejos de libres y justas. Hasta el 7 de julio, la policía nicaragüense ha detenido a seis de los precandidatos presidenciales más visibles de la oposición—Cristiana Chamorro, Arturo Cruz, Félix Maradiaga, Juan Sebastián Chamorro, Miguel Mora, y Medardo Mairena—así como miembros de sus equipos y familias, y también han sido detenidos líderes del sector empresarial y de la sociedad civil, incluidos el expresidente del Consejo Superior de la Empresa Privada (COSEP) José Adán Aguerri, la activista Violeta Granera y el exministro y economista José Pallais, y el gobierno sigue con mas detenciones. Otros activistas y periodistas están amenazados o bajo vigilancia, mientras que las actividades de los grupos de la sociedad civil y las organizaciones internacionales están restringidas. La protesta sigue siendo criminalizada por el gobierno.
Hacemos un llamado urgente al gobierno de Nicaragua para que cese esta represión, libere a todos los prisioneros políticos y trabaje con la oposición para comprometerse a organizar elecciones libres y justas. Si el gobierno no toma acciones inmediatas para cumplir con estas condiciones, es imperativo que los gobiernos, los organismos intergubernamentales, y las organizaciones internacionales colaboren para aumentar la presión diplomática sobre el gobierno Ortega-Murillo, siempre tomando precauciones para evitar impactos colaterales sobre el pueblo nicaragüense que lleva varios años de dificultades económicas. Todos los nicaragüenses merecen la posibilidad de determinar quién los gobierna y merecen vivir sin temor al Estado. En un momento en que las libertades políticas están amenazadas en todas las Américas, es fundamental apoyar a los nicaragüenses que luchan por la democracia y garantizar que la represión del gobierno Ortega-Murillo no sea vista como un ejemplo a seguir por otros mandatarios, ni una advertencia para los disidentes en otras partes de la región.
Se puede firmar la carta aquí.
1. Kai M. Thaler, Assistant Professor of Global Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara
2. Deborah J. Yashar, Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Princeton University
3. Steven Robert Levitsky, David Rockefeller Professor of Latin American Studies and Director of the Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University
4. Kenneth Roberts, Professor of Government, Cornell University
5. Scott Mainwaring, Professor of Political Science, University of Notre Dame
6. Thomas B F Cummins, Dumbarton Oaks Professor of the History of Pre-Columbian and Colonial Art and Director of Dumbarton Oaks, Harvard University
7. James Mahoney, Gordon Fulcher Professor of Decision-Making, Northwestern University
8. Javier Corrales, Professor of Political Science, Amherst College
9. Lindsay Mayka, Associate Professor of Government, Colby College
10. Gabriel Aguilera López, Decano Regional - Ciencias Sociales, Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey
11. Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, Profesor de Ciencia Politica, University of Notre Dame
12. Maria Victoria Murillo, Professor of Political Science, Columbia University
13. Javier Auyero, Professor of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin
14. Susan Eckstein, Professor, Boston University
15. Carlos De La Torre, Director of the Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida
16. Alfred P. Montero, Frank B. Kellogg Professor of Political Science, Carleton College
17. Leslie Anderson, Research Foundation Professor, University of Florida
18. Sebastián Etchemendy. Professor Political Science, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella
19. Santiago Anria, Assistant Professor of Political Science and Latin American Studies, Dickinson College
20. Noam Lupu, Associate Professor of Political Science, Vanderbilt University
21. Claudio Lomnitz, Professor, Columbia University
22. Robert Kaufman, Distinguished Professor, Rutgers University
23. Alberto Simpser, Profesor, ITAM
24. Marcelo Bergman, Profesor, UNTREF, Argentina
25. Ernesto F. Calvo, Profesor, University of Maryland
26. Matthew Carnes, Associate Professor of Government and Director of Center for Latin American Studies, Georgetown University
27. Catalina Smulovitz, Profesora Plenaria, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella
28. Gretchen Helmke, Professor of Political Science, University of Rochester
29. Margarita López Maya, Profesora-Investigadora, Universidad Central de Venezuela, CENDES
30. Lillian Guerra, Professor of Latin American History, University of Florida
31. Mario Pecheny, Profesor e Investigador, Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET
32. María Matilde Ollier, Directora doctorado Ciencia Política, Escuela de Política y Gobierno, UNSAM
33. Alejandro De Oto, Investigador y docente universitario, CONICET-UNSJ-Argentina
34. Rolando Gonzalez-Jose, Dr. en Biología, CONICET
35. Sebastián Barros, Profesor titular, Univ. Nac. De la Patagonia, Argentina
36. Juan Negri, Associate Professor, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella
37. Ricardo Gutiérrez, Profesor e Investigador, CONICET- Universidad Nacional De San Martín, Argentina
38. Ludovico Feoli, Director, Center for Inter-American Policy and Research, Tulane University
39. Federico Merke, Profesor Asociado, Universidad de San Andrés
40. Daniela Campello, Associate professor, Getulio Vargas Foundation
41. Juan Pablo Luna, Professor, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
42. Carlos Henrique Alves Limeira, Cientista político, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande-PB
43. Patrick Cunha Silva, Ph.D. Candidate, Washington University in St. Louis
44. Andrew Schrank, Olive C. Watson Professor of Sociology and International and Public Affairs, Brown University
45. Kenneth Greene, Associate Professor, University of Texas at Austin
46. João Biehl, Susan Dod Brown Professor of Anthropology, Princeton University
47. Douglas S. Massey, Henry G. Bryant Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs, Princeton University
48. Karen Kampwirth, Robert W. Murphy Professor of Political Science, Knox College
49. Shelley McConnell, Associate Professor of Government, St. Lawrence University
50. Maria Paula Saffon, Investigadora, UNAM
51. Gerardo L. Munck, Profesor, Universidad del Sur de California
52. Sandra Jessica Ley Gutierrez, Profesora-Investigadora Titular, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE)
53. Sandra Serrano, Profesora – Investigadora, FLACSO México
54. Rachel Sieder, Profesora-Investigadora, CIESAS, Mexico City
55. Rossana Castiglioni, Profesora, Universidad Diego Portales
56. Gabriela Tarouco, Professora, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco
57. Eduardo Alemán, Associate Professor, University of Houston
58. Michael Coppedge, Professor of Political Science, University of Notre Dame
59. Miguel Centeno, Professor, Princeton University
60. Laura Gamboa, Assistant Professor, University of Utah
61. Pablo M. Pinto, Associate Professor, University of Houston
62. Diana Isabel Güiza Gómez, Ph.D. Student in Political Science and Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame
63. Gianfranco Pasquino, Emeritus Professor of Political Science, University of Bologna, ITALY
64. Kathryn A. Sikkink, Ryan Family Professor of Human Rights Policy, Harvard Kennedy School
65. Rodolfo Vázquez, Professor, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM)
66. Sebastian Mazzuca, Assistant Professor, Johns Hopkins University
67. Alejandro Monsivais Carrillo, Investigador, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte
68. Jorge Mangonnet, Investigador postdoctoral, Nuffield College, Universidad de Oxford
69. Martín Tanaka, Politólogo, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú / Instituto de Estudios Peruanos
70. Doris Sommer, Professor/ Catedratica, Harvard University
71. Andreas Schedler, Professor of Political Science, CIDE-Mexico City
72. Kelly M. Greenhill, 2020-21 Leverhulme Trust Visiting Professor, Tufts and Harvard (HKS) Universities; SOAS (20-21)
73. Kurt Weyland, Mike Hogg Professor in Liberal Arts, University of Texas
74. Francisco Valdes-Ugalde, Professor-Researcher, Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales-UNAM
75. John M. Carey, Wentworth Professor in the Social Sciences, Dartmouth College
76. Tulia Falleti, Professor of Political Science, University of Pennsylvania
77. Mariano Siskind, Professor of Romance Languages and Literatures and Comparative Literature, Harvard University
78. Pauline Capdevielle, Investigadora, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM
79. Sheri Berman, Professor, Barnard College, Columbia University
80. Rachel Nolan, Assistant Professor, Boston University
81. Maxwell A. Cameron, Professor, University of British Columbia
82. Gabriela Irem Noles Cotito, Estudiante de doctorado, Universidad de Pensilvania
83. Edwin Alvarado-Mena, Ph.D. student, The University of Arizona
84. Alejandro Rodiles Breton, Profesor/Investigador, ITAM/Berlin-Potsdam Research Center KFG
85. Richard M Leventhal, Professor – Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania
86. Juan Pablo Ardila, History PhD candidate, University of Pennsylvania
87. Javier Martín Reyes, Profesor, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE, México)
88. Randall Burson, MD-PhD Student, University of Pennsylvania
89. Michael Jones-Correa, President's Distinguished Professor of Political Science, University of Pennsylvania
90. Isabella Alcañiz, Associate Professor of Government and Politics, University of Maryland
91. Magdalena Lopez, Investigadora académica, University of Notre Dame
92. Ruth Berins Collier, Professor, University of California, Berkeley
93. Catherine E. Bartch, Associate Director, Latin American and Latinx Studies, University of Pennsylvania
94. Patricia Funes, Historiadora, UBA/CONICET
95. Graciela Montaldo, Professor, Columbia University
96. Jessica Rich, Associate Professor, Marquette University
97. Michael Weintraub, Profesor Asociado, Escuela de Gobierno, Universidad de los Andes
98. Ioannis D. Evrigenis, Professor of Political Science; Director of the International Relations Program, Tufts University
99. Richard Snyder, Professor of Political Science, Brown University
100. Eric Mosinger, Assistant Professor, Santa Clara University
101. Pablo Palumbo, Politólogo, Universidad Nacional de San Martín
102. María Teresa Lozano O'Reilly, Estudiante de doctorado, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas UNAM
103. Hilary Francis, Lecturer, Northumbria University
104. Don Leonard, Assistant Professor of Practice, The Ohio State University
105. Adrián Lucardi, Profesor Asociado de Tiempo Completo, ITAM
106. Sergio Angel, Profesor Investigador, Universidad Sergio Arboleda
107. Rafael R. Ioris, Associate Professor, University of Denver
108. Rachel Bowen, Associate Professor, The Ohio State University
109. Consuelo Amat Matus, Postdoctoral Research Scholar, Stanford University
110. Nico Millman, PhD Candidate, English Department, University of Pennsylvania
111. Alisha Holland, Associate Professor of Government, Harvard University
112. Janice Gallagher, Assistant Professor, Rutgers University-Newark
113. Agustina Giraudy, Associate Professor, American University
114. Lucas Gonzalez, Professor and Researcher, CONICET/UCA-UNSAM
115. Kent Eaton, Professor of Politics, University of California, Santa Cruz
116. Edward Gibson, Professor, Northwestern University
117. Robert Brett, PhD Candidate, University of Pennsylvania
118. Alison Brysk, Distinguished Professor, University of California Santa Barbara
119. Juan Cristóbal Castro, Profesor, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso
120. Liliana De Riz, Socióloga, CADAL
121. Jorge Miguel Streb, Profesor, Universidad del Cema
122. Carlos Pabon, Profesor, University of Puerto Rico
123. David Altman, Profesor, Instituto de Ciencia Política, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
124. Laura López-Pérez, PhD student of Political Science, University of Notre Dame
125. Ignacio Labaqui, Profesor Pro-Titular, Universidad Católica Argentina
126. Rachel A. Schwartz, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Otterbein University
127. Brian H. Smith, Professor Emeritus of Religion, Ripon College
128. Sara Niedzwiecki, Assistant Professor, University of California, Santa Cruz
129. Andy Baker, Professor, University of Colorado Boulder
130. Hernan Jose Alberro, Periodista, Independent
131. Pablo Rueda-Saiz, Associate Professor, University of Miami School of Law
132. Rose Spalding, Professor, DePaul University
133. Mario Sánchez González, Investigador Universitario, Universidad Centroamericana de Nicaragua
134. Nina Gerassi-Navarro, Professor, Tufts University
135. Douglas Castro, Alianza Universitaria Nicaragüense
136. Noémi Gonda, Researcher / Investigadora, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences / Universidad Sueca de Ciencias Agrícolas
137. Serena Cosgrove, Associate Professor in International Studies, Seattle University
138. Sergio Miguel Cabrales Domínguez, Doctorando en Sociología, University of Pittsburgh
139. Beatriz Magaloni, Professor, Stanford University
140. Laura Blume, Assistant Professor, University of Nevada Reno
141. Hector M. Cruz-Feliciano, Director of Programs, Latin America, CET Academic Programs
142. Jana Morgan, Professor of Political Science, University of Tennessee
143. Raquel Neyra, Docente, UNALM
144. Nathalia Hernandez Vidal, Doctora en sociología, Independiente
145. Eduardo Dargent, Profesor, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
146. Paula Munoz, Profesora asociada, Universidad del Pacífico
147. César Augusto Guadalupe Mendizábal, Profesor-investigador, Universidad del Pacífico (Perú)
148. Jennifer Goett, Associate Professor of Comparative Cultures and Politics, Michigan State University
149. Jennifer Cyr, Associate Professor, Universidad Torcuato di Tella
150. Steven B. Bloomfield, Associate Director, Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, Brown University
151. Bruno Bolognesi, Political Scientista/Professor, Federal University of Paraná
152. Maria Julia Bertomeu, Investigadora Principal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Argentina
153. Elisabeth Jean Wood, Professor of Political Science, Yale University
154. Dolores Figueroa Romero, Profesora de Antropologia Social, CONACYT- CIESAS CDMX
155. Carlos Ivan Paredes Estrada, Estudiante de universidad, Alianza Universitaria Nicaraguense (AUN)
156. John Mazza, Manager of Web and Multimedia Production, Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, Brown University
157. Paola Bergallo, Profesora, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella
158. Sergio Villena, Profesor, Universidad de Costa Rica
159. Alberto J. Olvera, Professor, Universidad Veracruzana
160. Robert Devigne, Professor of Political Science, Tufts University
161. Veronica Rueda Estrada, Profesora-investigadora, Universidad de Quintana Roo
162. Diedrich Delallana, Abogado, Unidad Nacional Azul y Blanco (UNAB)
163. Alba Reyes Lara, Profesora y estudiante, UNAM
164. Mónica Toussaint, Profesora-Investigadora, Instituto Mora (Mexico)
165. Felipe Flores Vichi, Profesor Investigador , Universidad de Quintana Roo
166. Beth Stephens, Distinguished Professor of Law, Rutgers Law School
167. Deborah Schildkraut, Professor of Political Science, Tufts University
168. Tim Phillips, Founder, Beyond Conflict
169. Soili Buska, Profesora, Universidad de Costa Rica
170. Gustavo Fuchs, Profesor universitario, Universidad Nacional
171. Claudia Mandel, Directora, Museo de las Mujeres de Costa Rica
172. Claudio Vargas, Historiador, Universidad de Costa Rica
173. Benjamin Waddell, Associate Professor of Sociology and Criminology, Fort Lewis College
174. Jane Esberg, Postdoctoral Fellow, Princeton University
175. Karen Musalo, Professor, University of California, Hastings
176. David Collier, Profesor Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley
177. Néstor E. Rodríguez, Associate Professor, University of Toronto
178. Ben Schneider, Professor, MIT
179. Pablo Piccato, Profesor, Columbia University
180. Eulogio Guzman, Senior Lecturer, Tufts University
181. Pablo Livov, Museo de las Mujeres de Costa Rica
182. Adela Vázquez Trejo, Docente, Universidad de Quintana Roo
183. Leda M. Pérez, Profesora e Investigadora, Universidad del Pacífico
184. Sam Handlin, Associate Professor of Political Science, Swarthmore College
185. Katrina Burgess, Associate Professor, Fletcher School, Tufts University
186. Diana Pritchard, University of Bedfordshire
187. Alberto Cortés Ramos, Profesor Catedrático, Universidad de Costa Rica
188. Elizet Payne, Historiadora, Universidad de Costa Rica
189. Natalia Armijo Canto, Profesora Investigadora, Universidad de Quintana Roo
190. Ana Arjona, Profesora Asociada, Northwestern University
191. Claudia Mattos Avolese, Senior Lecturer, Tufts University
192. Rina Caceres-Gomez, Dra História, Universidad de Costa Rica
193. Angelica Duran-Martinez, Associate Professor, University of Massachusetts Lowell
194. Christine J. Wade, Professor of Political Science and International Studies, Washington College
195. Yansi Pérez, Associate Professor, Carleton College
196. Susanne Jonas, Continuing Lecturer (r), University of California, Santa Cruz
197. Arlene B. Tickner, Professor of International Relations, Universidad del Rosario, Colombia
198. Pierre M. LaRamee, Generation--Population, Development and Reproductive Health Consultants, LLC
199. Kirsten Weld, Professor of History, Harvard University
200. Delphine Lacombe, Socióloga, Université de Paris
201. Federico Pérez, Assistant Professor, Portland State University
202. Jon Jonakin, Emeritus Professor of Economics, Tennessee Technological University
203. Dennis Arias Mora, Profesor Catedrático, Universidad de Costa Rica
204. Lynn Maria Stephen, Profesora de Antropologia, University of Oregon
205. Daniel Quirós, Associate Professor, Lafayette College
206. Pedro Angel Palou, Fletcher Professor of Oratory, Tufts University
207. Juanita M. Darling, Professor, San Francisco State University
208. Amy Millay, Senior Lecturer, Tufts University
209. Anjuli Fahlberg, Assistant Professor of Sociology, Tufts University
210. Helen Marrow, Associate Professor of Sociology, Tufts University
211. Florencia Quesada Avendaño, Doctora, Universidad de Helsinki
212. Javier Osorio, Assistant Professor, University of Arizona
213. John A. Booth, Professor Emeritus of Political Science, University of North Texas
214. Benjamin Goldfrank, Professor, Seton Hall University
215. Orlando J. Perez, Dean, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of North Texas at Dallas
216. Jan L. Flora, Profesor Emerito, Iowa State University
217. Adriana Zavala, Associate Professor, Tufts University
218. Nicholas Barnes, Lecturer, University of St. Andrews
219. Celso Rocha de Barros, Colunista, Folha de São Paulo
220. Pedro Zubieta Funes, Professor, Universidad Católica Boliviana
221. Ben Orlove, Professor, Columbia University
222. Eva Leticia Orduña Trujillo, Investigadora de tiempo completo, Centro de Investigaciones sobre América Latina y el Caribe de la UNAM
223. Maria Celeste Braga Beatove, Profesora de Derecho, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella
224. Virginia Oliveros, Associate Professor, Tulane University
225. Cecilia Conde, Investigadora, UNAM, Mexico
226. Ilka Treminio, Directora, FLACSO Costa Rica
227. Ezequiel González Ocantos, Associate Professor, University of Oxford
228. Cristina Eguizábal, Profesora, FLACSO Costa Rica
229. Fernando M. Jaime, Profesor Titular, UBA / UNAJ
230. Juany Guzmán León, Profesora Catedrática Pensionada, Universidad de Costa Rica
231. Gabriel Puricelli, Coordinator, International Policy Programme, Laboratorio de Políticas Públicas
232. Natalia Jacovkis, Associate Professor of Spanish, Xavier University
233. Caio Tendolini, Economista, Bancada Ativista
234. Mark Healey, Associate Professor, University of Connecticut
235. Julio F. Carrión, Associate Professor, University of Delaware
236. Juan Crespo, Doctorando en Estudios sobre Desarrollo, Univeresidad del País Vasco / Instituto HEGOA
237. Noah Zweig, Faculty Associate, Arizona State University
238. Mariano Sánchez-Talanquer, Profesor Investigador, El Colegio de México
239. Rebecca Galemba, Associate Professor, University of Denver
240. Pauline Jones, Professor, University of Michigan
241. Jacob Turner, PhD Candidate, University of Notre Dame
242. Daniel Friedrich, Associate Professor of Curriculum, Teachers College, Columbia University
243. Vaclav Masek, Ph.D. Student in Sociology, University of Southern California
244. Patrick McQuestion, Research Associate, University of Notre Dame
245. Alexandra Panzarelli, PhD candidate, New School for Social Research
246. Wendy Hunter, Professor of Government, University of Texas
247. Juan Manuel Muñoz Portillo, Profesor, Universidad de Costa Rica
248. Timothy Scully, Professor of Political Science, University of Notre Dame
249. Maritza Paredes, Profesora Asociada, Pontifica Universidad Católica del Peru
250. Chris O'Connell, Research Fellow, Dublin City University
251. Marta Bunge, Profesora Emerita de Matematicas, McGill University
252. Caitlin Andrews-Lee, Assistant Professor, Ryerson University
253. Antulio Rosales, Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of New Brunswick
254. Luis Herrán Ávila, Assistant Professor of History, University of New Mexico
255. Roy Hora, Investigador Principal, CONICET, Argentina
256. Raul Sanchez Urribarri, Senior Lecturer in Legal Studies, La Trobe University
257. Matias Bianchi, Director, Asuntos del Sur
258. Juan Jesús Garza Onofre, Investigador de tiempo completo, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM
259. José Briceño Ruiz, Professor - Researcher, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México
260. Norma Graciela Chiapparrone, Abogada, NoSomosIncubadoras
261. Maria Isabel Mayer, Grupo YANAPAI
262. Calla Hummel, Assistant Professor, University of Miami
263. Julio Rios Figueroa, Profesor Titular, ITAM
264. Sarah Daly, Assistant Professor, Columbia University
265. María Isabel Puerta Riera, Adjunct Professor of Political Science, Valencia College
266. Linda Estelí Méndez Barrientos, PhD candidate/Incoming Assistant Professor, University of California Davis/Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver
267. Randy Pestana, Assistant Director of Research, Gordon Institute, Florida International University
268. David Smilde, Professor of Sociology, Tulane University
269. Monica Martinez, Research Case Investigator, Georgia State University
270. Kristina Lyons, Assistant Professor of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania
271. Javier Arteaga, Publicista y Director, Feeling (Colombia)
272. Jennifer Pribble, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Richmond
273. Juliana Martine Franzoni, Catedrática, Universidad de Costa Rica
274. Bill (William) A. Barnes, Independent scholar
275. Joseph Young, Professor, American University
276. James Loxton, Senior Lecturer in Comparative Politics, University of Sydney
277. Víctor Hugo Acuña Ortega, Catedrático y profesor emérito, Universidad de Costa Rica
278. María Esther Montanaro Mena, Editora de Cuadernos Inter.c.a.mbio sobre Centroamérica y el Caribe, CIICLA, Universidad de Costa Rica
279. Rosario Hidalgo, Medical Doctor and Researcher, Tampa Comprehensive Psychiatry, LLC
280. Imdat Oner, PhD Candidate, Florida International University
281. Pablo Martín Ruiz, Profesor, Tufts University
282. Florence E. Babb, Anthony Harrington Professor of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
283. Carmen Caamaño Morúa, Docente, Universidad de Costa Rica
284. Luis Alberto, Director, Amexcap
285. Giancarlo Visconti, Assistant Professor, Purdue University
286. Benedicte Bull, Professor, University of Oslo
287. Armando Chaguaceda, Investigador de Gobierno & Análisis Político, Independiente
288. José Antonio Sanahuja, Catedrático de Relaciones Internacionales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid
289. Eline van Ommen, Lecturer, Utrecht University
290. Julie Cupples, Professor of Human Geography and Cultural Studies, University of Edinburgh
291. Sabine Kurtenbach, Lead Researcher, GIGA
292. Anika Oettler, Professor of Sociology, Philipps Universität Marburg
293. Abbey Steele, Associate Professor, University of Amsterdam
294. Francisco J. Verdes-Montenegro, Investigador, ICEI
295. Fabio Andres Diaz Pabon, Researcher, International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University
296. Cecilia Güemes, Profesora, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
297. Andrew Nickson, Honorary Reader in Latin American Studies, University of Birmingham
298. Julienne Weegels, Assistant Professor, CEDLA-University of Amsterdam
299. Leandro N Carrera, Research Associate, PPG - London School of Economics
300. Silke Heumann, Senior Lecturer, International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University
301. Lucy Taylor, Senior Lecturer, Aberystwyth University
302. Goya Wilson Vásquez, Senior Research Associate, University of Bristol
303. Ana Victoria Portocarrero Lacayo, Doctorante en el Instituto de Estudios Sociales, Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam
304. David Preston, Social scientist lecturer, retired, University of Oxford & University of Leeds
305. Arij Ouweneel, Profesor universitario, Universidad de Amsterdam
306. Floor van der Hout, Doctoral candidate, Northumbria University
307. Peter Wade, Professor of Social Anthropology, University of Manchester
308. Dirk Kruijt, Professor of Development Studies Emeritus, Utrecht University
309. Luisa F. González Valencia, Candidata a doctorado, Centro de Estudios Latinoamericanos de la Universidad de Ámsterdam - CEDLA
310. Lillian Sol Cueva, PhD researcher, International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University
311. Sarah Kemp, PhD candidate, Northumbria University, UK
312. William C. Smith, Professor Emeritus, University of Miami
313. Patience Schell, Chair in Hispanic Studies, University of Aberdeen
314. Masaya Llavaneras Blanco, Incoming Assistant Professor, Huron University College
315. Salvador Martí i Puig, Profesor, Universidad de Girona
316. Michael Deibert, Visiting Scholar, Instituto Ciências Sociais
317. Eduardo Moncada, Assistant Professor, Barnard College, Columbia University
318. Francisco J. Monaldi, Fellow, Rice University
319. Rutgerd Boelens, Professor, Wageningen University & University of Amsterdam
320. Hannah Porada, PhD Candidate, CEDLA, University of Amsterdam
321. Jordi Diez, Catedrático, University of Guelph, Canada
322. Newton Bignotto, Professor Titular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil
323. Kristin Skrabut, Assistant Professor of Urban Policy & Anthropology, Tufts University
324. Daisy D'Amario, Profesora, Sociología, Universidad Central de Venezuela
325. Sonia Garzon Ramirez, Marie Curie Research Fellow, Aberystwyth University
326. Sonia Correa, Pesquisadora Social y Activista, Observatorio de Sexualidad y Politica
327. Mneesha Gellman, Associate Professor of Political Science, Emerson College
328. Susan Stokes, Blake Distinguished Service Professor, University of Chicago
329. Mónica Roa, Directora Ejecutiva, Puentes/Bridges
330. Maria Jose Montoya, Abogada, Sinergias-Alianzas Estratégicas para la Salud y el Desarrollo Social
331. Ryan E. Carlin, Professor of Political Science, Georgia State University
332. James M. Glaser, Professor of Political Science/Dean of Arts and Sciences, Tufts University
333. Marta Royo, Directora Ejecutiva, Profamilia
334. Noe Montez, Associate Professor of Theatre, Dance and Performance Studies, Tufts University
335. Logan Puck, Lecturer, Bates College
336. Philippe Urfalino, Senior Researcher, CNRS
337. Lena Lavinas, Professor, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
338. Bibiana Duarte, PhD researcher, University of Amsterdam
339. Sian Lazar, Reader in Social Anthropology, University of Cambridge
340. Trevor Evans, Professor of Economics, Berlin School of Economics and Law
341. Corina Rodriguez Enriquez, Economista, CIEPP - DAWN, Argentina
342. Pablo Collada, Director, Red Catapulta
343. Regina Fonseca, Coordinadora de programa, Centro de Derechos de Mujeres
344. Gabriela Ugarte, Comunicadora y analista de gestión constructiva de conflictos, Consultora independiente
345. Gerardo Scherlis, Profesor Titular - Investigador, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Conicet
346. Christian Gros, Profesor, Universidad Sorbona Paris
347. Abigail Satinsky, Curator, Tufts University Art Galleries
348. Paul Amar, Professor and Director of the Orfalea Center for Global and International Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara
349. Francisco R Rodriguez, Director, Oil for Venezuela
350. Candelaria Garay, Senior Fellow, Harvard University
351. Abby Cordova, Associate Professor, University of Notre Dame
352. Ricardo Valencia, Assistant Professor, California State University, Fullerton
353. Morena Soledad Herrera Argueta, Candidata a Doctorado en Filosofía Iberoamericana, Colectiva Feminista para el Desarrollo Local
354. Susan Brewer-Osorio, Assistant Professor, University of Arizona
355. Javier Fernández-Lasquetty, Consejero de Hacienda, Comunidad de Madrid (España)
356. Derek Beaudry, Lecturer, University of North Georgia
357. Julio Saguir, Doctor en Ciencia Politica y docente universitario, Universidad Santo Tomas de Aquino (Tucuman)
358. Rod Mena, Assistant Professor, International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam
359. Manuela Picq, Profesora de Relaciones Internacionales, Amherst College / Universidad San Francisco de Quito
360. Courtney J. Campbell, Lecturer in Latin American History, University of Birmingham (UK)
361. Adrián Pignataro, Profesor, Universidad de Costa Rica
362. Galia Solomonoff, Professor of Architecture, Columbia University
363. Yanina Welp, Investigadora senior, Albert Hirschman Centre on Democracy, Graduate Institute, Geneva
364. Mateo Jarquín, Assistant Professor of History, Chapman University
365. Elizabeth Oglesby, Associate Professor of Latin American Studies, University of Arizona
366. Iria Puyosa, Profesora Asociada, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Comunicación (ININCO) - Universidad Central de Venezuela.
367. Mariela Palma Cambronero, President, Asociación Libre
368. Melissa Martinez, Assistant Professor, University of Mary Washington
369. Bárbara Brizuela, Professor, Tufts University
370. Kevin Parthenay, Full Professor of Political Science, University of Tours
371. Aaron Pollack, Profesor/Investigador, CIESAS
372. María Fernanda Bozmoski, Deputy Director, Programs, Atlantic Council
373. Adriana Rudling, Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, Chr. Michelsen Institute, Norway
374. Joshua Mayer, PhD candidate in Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles
375. Heather S. Nathans, Professor, Department of Theatre, Dance, and Performance Studies, Tufts University
376. Jorge Recharte Bullard, Presidente, Instituto de Montaña
377. Wendi Bellanger, Provost, Universidad Centroamericana
378. José Luis Rocha, Investigador asociado, Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas"
379. Vickie Sullivan, Professor, Tufts University
380. Daniel I. Pedreira, PhD candidate in Political Science, Florida International University
381. Camilo Saavedra, Investigador, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, UNAM (México)
382. John Polga-Hecimovich, Assistant Professor, US Naval Academy
383. Ángela Fonseca Galvis, Associate Professor, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
384. Gabriela Nouzeilles, Professor and Director of the Program in Latin American Studies, Princeton University
385. José Henríquez Leiva, PhD Fellow, National University of Ireland Galway
386. Ana María Méndez-Dardón, Human rights lawyer, University of Guelph
387. Elvira Cuadra, Socióloga, Centro de Investigación de la Comunicación
388. William I. Robinson, Distinguished Professor of Sociology, University of California at Santa Barbara
389. Robert Carlson, Editor, Global Americans
390. Johanna Cilano Pelaez, Posdoctorante, UNAM
391. Joseph Nevins, Professor of Geography, Vassar College
392. M. Brinton Lykes, Professor and Co-Director, Center for Human Rights & International Justice, Boston College
393. Pablo Bolaños Villegas, Associate Faculty, University of Costa Rica, Fabio Baudrit Agricultural Research Station
394. Marisol de la Cadena, Professor, University of California-Davis
395. Luis Alberto Figueroa Jurado, Profesor, Universidad Francisco Marroquín
396. M. Emilia Barbosa, Assistant Professor, Missouri University of Science and Technology
397. Carlos Castro Jo, Professor of Sociology, Clark College
398. Alexander L. Fattal, Assistant Professor, University of California, San Diego
399. Oscar René Vargas Escobar, Sociólogo y Economista, Centro de Estudio de la Realidad Nacional – Nicaragua
400. Julia Medina, Associate Professor of Spanish, University of San Diego
401. Milton Castellanos, Spanish Professor, Northwest Career and Technical Academy, Las Vegas, NV
402. Alexandra Ortiz Wallner, Investigadora y docente, Universidad de Costa Rica/Freie Universität Berlin
403. Valeria Grinberg Pla, Professor, Bowling Green State University
404. Julia Calderón, Ph.D. Candidate, UCLA
405. Pamela Neumann, Assistant Professor of Sociology, Texas A&M International University
406. Osvaldo Meloni, Professor of economics, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina
407. James Quesada, Professor, San Francisco State University
408. Jorge Resina, Profesor de Ciencia Política, Universidad Complutense de Madrid
409. Tatiana Arguello, Assistant Professor of Spanish, Texas Christian University
410. Irene Correas Sosa, Profesor adjunto de Derecho Constitucional, Universidad San Pablo CEU
411. Juan F. Ibarra Del Cueto, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Colgate University
412. Rosa Patricia Ruiz Urbina, Docente pensionada, Independiente
413. Humberto Meza, Investigador, INCT Observatório das Metrópoles, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
414. Michael Paarlberg, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Virginia Commonwealth University
415. Charles Walker, Professor, UC Davis
416. William H. Gomez Soto, Profesor, Ufpel, Brasil
417. Patricia Bayer Richard, Professor Emerita, Ohio University
418. Loris Zanatta, Catedratico, Università di Bologna
419. Adriano da Silva, Pesquisador, Fiocruz
420. Ryan Daugherty, Instructor, Butler University
421. Matt Samson, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Davidson College
422. Daniel Centeno Maldonado, Faculty, University of Houston
423. Ternot MacRenato, Professor of History (ret.), San Diego Community College District
424. Gregory M. Thaler, Assistant Professor, University of Georgia
425. Oxana Shevel, Associate Professor of Political Science, Tufts University
426. Manuel Alcántara Sáez, Profesor, Universidad de Salamanca
427. Elizabeth Remick, Associate Professor, Tufts University
428. Jo-Marie Burt, Associate Professor, George Mason University
429. Victoria González-Rivera, Associate Professor of Chicana and Chicano Studies, San Diego State University
430. Irina Carlota Silber, Professor, City College of New York
431. Maria Emilia Bianco, Graduate researcher, Boston College
432. Philip J. Williams, Dean, College of Liberal Arts, California State Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo
433. Freddy Quezada, Sociólogo y Docente universitario, UCA, UNAN, y UPOLI
434. Miguel Gonzalez, Assistant Professor, York University
435. Diego Sanchez-Ancochea, Professor, University of Oxford
436. Jennifer McCoy, Professor of Political Science, Georgia State University
437. Helene Roux, Socióloga, Universidad París 1
438. Malik Mufti, Professor, Tufts University
439. Pedro Capra Vieira, Cientista político, Swissnex
440. Skarlleth Martinez Prado, Investigadora, Independiente
441. Ulises Tadeo Munguía Fonseca, Economista, Independiente
442. Melba Castillo, Investigadora, UCA Managua
443. Víctor M. Mijares, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
444. Craig Arceneaux, Professor, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
445. Anais Ruiz, educator and administrator (retired), Independent
446. Carolina Guerrero Valencia, Associate, GIGA Institute for Latin American Studies
447. Roberto García Ferreira, Profesor, Universidad de la República
448. Daniel Vázquez, Profesor, UNAM
449. Josefina Vijil, Investigadora y Profesora, Academia de Ciencias de Nicaragua
450. Amparo María M Marroquín Parducci, Profesora, Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas"
451. Rina Caceres-Gomez, Dra. de História, Universidad de Costa Rica
452. Ximena Simpson, Investigadora, Escuela de Política y Gobierno, Universidad Nacional de San Martín
453. Fernando Cerezal Sierra, Profesor Jubilado, Excoordinador Programa Cooperación con Centroamerica, Universidad de Alcalá
454. Maria Mercedes, Salgado Doctoranda, Universidad de São Paulo (USP)
455. D. L. Pelton, Professor (retired), Henry Ford College
456. Alberto Cortés Ramos, Profesor Catedrático, Universidad de Costa Rica
457. Gerardo Aboy Carlés, Investigador Principal y Profesor Titular, CONICET/UNSAM
458. John Mckiernan-Gonzalez, Associate Professor of History, Texas State University
459. Marcio de Oliveira Ramos, Professor, SEEDUC-RJ
460. Karin Friederic, Assistant Professor, Wake Forest University
461. Laercio Caruso Baldas, TCT Segurança do Trabalho, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brasil
462. Fernando Carbajo Cascon, Catedrático de Derecho Mercantil, Universidad de Salamanca
463. Johanna Parra, Profesora, Universidad del Rosario
464. Gloria Vera-Bedolla, Admissions Representative, Central Texas Allied Health Institute
465. Rafael Meza Duriez, Docente, Universidad Centroamericana
466. Elba Katy Rivera Urbina, Directora de dos colegios, Luz en la Selva
467. Alex Bonilla, Investigador en Educación y docente universitario, Universidad Centroamericana de Nicaragua
468. Alfredo Riquelme Segovia, Profesor Titular, Instituto de Historia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
469. Fátima García Díez, Prof. Titular de Universidad, Universidad de Salamanca
470. Mercedes Moncada Rodríguez, Cineasta, Independiente
471. Martin Scurrah, Retired, Oxfam America
472. Alberto Valencia Gutierrez, Profesor de Sociologia, Universidad del Valle, Cali
473. Nicolás Miranda Olivares, Doctor en Ciencia Política, Universidad de Chile
474. Luis Miguel Isava, Investigador visitante, Freie Universität Berlin/Universidad Simón Bolívar
475. Kumi Samuel, Researcher, DAWN
476. Helen Dixon, Lecturer/PhD, University of Sussex/University of Brighton
477. Florentino Portero, Profesor de Historia, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria
478. Radek Buben, Assistant Professor, Charles University, Prague
479. Danilo Lopez-Roman, Architect and Writer, Independent
480. Francy Luna, Graduate student, University of Michigan
481. Natalia Armijo Canto, Profesora Investigadora, Universidad de Quintana Roo
482. Hólmfriður Garðarsdottir, Profesora, Universidad de Islandia
483. Vicente Baca Lagos, Profesor Titular de Teoría de la Comunicación, Universidad Complutense de Madrid
484. Francisca Pou Giménez, Associate Professor of Law, ITAM
485. Raphaele Plu-Jenvrin, Lecturer / Assistant Professor, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle
486. Carolina Ovares Sánchez, Candidata a doctora, Universidad Nacional de San Martín
487. Paolo Luers, Periodista, El Diario de Hoy (El Salvador)
488. Marcelo Coelho Soares, Professor of Design and Arts, UFRJ-Macaé
489. Tania Pleitez Vela, Investigadora / Coordinadora, Red de Investigación de las Literaturas de Mujeres de América Central
490. Payín Imendia, Escritor, Independiente
491. Mary Ellsberg, Director of Global Women’s Institute and Profesor of Global Health and International Affairs, George Washington University
492. Rocío Zamora Sauma, Docente, Universidad de Costa Rica
493. Ellen Clancy, Senior Programme Manager, Independent
494. Eivor Halkjaer, Embajadora, FUF
495. Francisco Jimenez, MA Student in Latin American and Caribbean Studies, New York University
496. Antonio Monte, PhD candidate in history, FU-Berlin
497. Jorge Sainz, Catedrático (Professor), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos
498. Vanessa Castro Cardenal, Doctor en Educacion, Jubilada y facilitadora campaña de animación lectura en Nicaragua
499. Ewa Werner Dahlin, Diplomatica Jubilada, Independiente
500. Maria Auxiliadora Castro e Camargo, Dra en Derecho Constitucional y Europeo, Abogada Pública, AGU, Brasil
501. Adan Garcia, PhD Student, University of California Davis
502. Eduardo Scalvini, Economista y Profesor, Universidad Alberto Hurtado
503. Tromen Perretta, Facultad de Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de Rosario
504. Richard Stahler-Sholk, Professor, Eastern Michigan University
505 Rafael Charún Gutiérrez, Economist, Independent
506. Fernando Montero, Postdoctoral Fellow, Columbia University
507. Fernando Savater, Escritor, Independiente
508. Abelardo Morales-Gamboa, Profesor, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica
509. Francisco Sánchez, Profesor de Ciencia Política, Universidad de Salamanca
510. Veronica Brownstone, PhD Student, University of Pennsylvania
511. Vitória Moreira, PhD Student, University of California, Santa Barbara
512. Javier Campos, Profesor Emérito, Fairfield University, Connecticut
513. Azul Savid, Research assistant, NYU Langone Health
514. José Juan Pérez Meléndez, Assistant Professor, University of California, Davis
515. Nicolas Diaz Cruz, Fundador-Director Ejecutivo, Extituto de Política Abierta
516. Philip Brenner, Professor Emeritus of International Relations, American University
517. Julie A. Charlip, Professor, Department of History, Whitman College
518. Azul Savid, Research assistant, NYU Langone Health
519. Alicia González, Profesora, Occidental College
520. Carolina Castellanos Gonella, Associate Professor of Spanish and Portuguese, Dickinson College
521. Pablo Biderbost, Profesor Titular, Universidad Pontificia Comillas
522. Robert Grosse, sociologo, Asesor de cooperacion internacional
523. Axel Rivas, Dean, School of Education, Universidad de San Andrés
524. Alfredo Mendoza, Lecturer in Engineering Geology, Universidad de Lund, Sweden
525. Michel Gobat, Professor, University of Pittsburgh
526. María del Carmen Villarreal Villamar, Profesora de Ciencia Política y Relaciones internacionales, Universidad Federal del Estado de Río de Janeiro (UNIRIO)
527. Manuel Prado, Economista, FUNADEC
528. Roberto L Arellano, Director, Latin America & Caribbean Regional, U.S. Agency for International Development
529. Carol Wise, Professor of International Relations, University of Southern California
530. Daniel Rojas Navarrete, Profesor -Investigador, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro
531. Romeo Pérez Antón, Catedrático jubilado de Ciencia Política, Universidad de la República, Uruguay
532. Jocelyn Viterna, Professor of Sociology Harvard, University
533. Becki Cohn-Vargas, Scholar and author, Independent
534. Matei Chihaia, Profesor de literatura, Bergische Universität Wuppertal
535. Adolfo Garcé, Professor, Instituto de Ciencia Política
536. Maya Collombon, Profesora investigadora, Sciences Po Lyon, Francia
537. Grettel Navas, Researcher, Autonomous University of Barcelona
538. Celso Sánchez, Profesor, GEASur
539. Zara Abud, Doctorante en ciencias políticas, Universidad Lyon 2
540. Lucrecia Wagner, Investigadora, CONICET
541. Holly Eva Ryan, Senior Lecturer, Queen Mary University of London
542. Facundo Rojas, Researcher-Professor, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo/CONICET
543. Benjamín Cuéllar Martínez, Columnista y Fundador, Víctimas Demandantes (VIDAS)
544. David A. Crocker, Research Professor Emeritus, School of Public Policy, University of Maryland
545. Manuel Willington, PhD in Economics, Universidad del Desarrollo
546. David E. Lewis, Vice President, Manchester Trade Limited Inc.
547. Socorro Soberón, Maestra, Escuela Nacional de Lenguas, Lingüística y Traducción, UNAM
548. Claudia Vega, PhD Student, Arizona State University
549. Facundo García Valverde, Profesor, CONICET
550. Eduardo Fernández Luiña, Jefe de Estudios y responsable del Área Internacional, Fundación Disenso
551. Geoff Thale, President, WOLA
552. Juan Pablo Scarfi, Profesor e Investigador, CONICET - Universidad de San Andrés
553. Horacio Sivori, antrópologo e profesor, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
554. Marco Aurelio Maximo Prado, Professor, Federal University of Minas Gerais/Brasil
555. Gabriela Arguedas Ramírez, Profesora e investigadora, Universidad de Costa Rica.
556. Margaret Randall, Professor (retired), Trinity College (Hartford, CT)
557. Simón Pachano, Politólogo, FLACSO
558. Ryan C. Berg, Senior Fellow, Center for Strategic & International Studies
559. Miguel Ángel Castañeda, Ph.D. Candidate, UCSD
560. Marcos Ancelovici, Professor of Sociology, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)
561. Edwin Obando Hernandez, Researcher and geophysicist, Deltares, The Netherlands.
562. Sara Torres Raisbeck, Research Assistant, Wilson Center and Researcher, Control Risks
563. Secundino Gonzalez, Profesor de Ciencia Política, Universidad Complutense de Madrid
564. Donna Vukelich-Selva, Associate Professor, Education and Ethnic Studies, Edgewood College
565. Mercedes García Montero, Profesora Ciencia Política, Universidad de Salamanca
566. Sanne Weber, Research Fellow, University of Birmingham
567. Karin Rohlin, Former Development Cooperation Official, SIDA, Sweden
568. Christiane Berth, Professor, University of Graz
569. Fabrice Andreani, Doctorant et chargé de cours en science politique, Université Lumière Lyon 2 (Triangle)
570. Barbara Hogenboom, Professor of Latin American Studies, University of Amsterdam
571. Carolina Valladares, PhD researcher, CEDLA, University of Amsterdam
572. Scott Long, Human Rights Researcher, Independent
573. Daniela Slipak, Investigadora y Profesora Adjunta, Conicet/IDAES/UNSAM
574. Erin Sabato, Director of International Service & Learning, Quinnipiac University
575. Anne Turid Hagene, Profesora emerita, Oslo Metropolitan University
576. Lizzy Raisbeck, Fundadora, Ancestral Studio
577. Pedro Caldentey del Pozo, Director, Departamento de Economía, Universidad Loyola Andalucía
578. Peggy Chamorro, Educadora popular, Colectiva por el Derecho a Decidir, Costa Rica
579. Paola Uccelli, Professor, Harvard Graduate School of Education
580. Ciska Raventos Vorst, Catedrática jubilada, Universidad de Costa Rica
581. Orçun Selçuk, Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science, Luther College
582. Peter Levine, Professor and Associate Dean, Tisch College, Tufts University
583. Gabriela Távara Vásquez, Profesora, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
584. Jussi Pakkasvirta, Professor of Area and Cultural Studies, University of Helsinki
585. Gerardo Caetano, Historiador y Docente Grado 5, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo
586. Monica Dias Martins, Professora, Universidade Estadual do Ceará
587. Randall Chaves Zamora, Profesor de Historia, Universidad de Costa Rica
588. Ligia Urroz Argüello, Escritora, Independiente
589. Dolores Trevizo, Professor, Occidental College
590. Jeffery R. Webber, Associate Professor, Department of Politics, York University, Toronto
591. Magali Folch, Investigador, UNAM
592. James Naylor Green, Professor of Latin American History, Brown University
593. William Lee, Investigador, UNAM
594. Robert Neustadt, Professor of Spanish and Director of Latin American Studies, Northern Arizona University
595. Madeline Gottlieb, Assistant Professor, Colorado State University
596. Linda Farthing, Writer, Independent
597. Mayo Toruño, Professor Emeritus, California State University San Bernardino
598. Daniel Richards, Podcast Producer, Brown University
599. Thomas Passananti, Professor of History, San Diego State University
600. Jonathan D. Katz, Associate Professor of Practice, History of Art, Interim Director, Gender, Sexuality and Women's Studies Program, University of Pennsylvania
601. Sylvia Sellers-García, Professor of History, Boston College
602. Claudia Valeggia, Profesora, Yale University
603. Maria Lourdes Pallais, Periodista y Colaboradora del Diario El Pais
604. Carlos Pareja, Profesor libre, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de la República
605. George Stuart Leddy, Associate Managing Editor, Latin American Perspectives
606. Timothy F. Harding, Professor, History and Latin American Studies, Emeritus, California State University, Los Angeles
607. June Carolyn Erlick, Editor-in-chief, ReVista, the Harvard Review of Latin America, Harvard University
608. Diana Murtaugh Coleman, Lecturer, Northern Arizona University
609. Erika Bárcena Arévalo, Investigadora, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas - UNAM
610. Marco Cabrera Geserick, Assistant Professor, Gustavus Adolphus College
611. Axel Gómez Gutiérrez, Abogado, Grupo de Estudio sobre Centroamérica - Universidad de Buenos Aires
612. Michael L. Dougherty, Professor, Illinois State University
613. Lance Ingwersen, Assistant Professor of History, Jacksonville State University
614. Fernanda Lavin Robles, Estudiante de doctorado, UNAM
615. Marco Antonio Sandoval Mercado, Estudiante doctoral, UNAM
616. Gracia Silva, Investigadora, Independiente
617. Arturo Taracena Arriola, Doctor en Historia y Investigador, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
618. Julieta Rostica, Investigadora adjunta, UBA-CONICET
619. Rosa Torras, Investigadora, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
620. Carlos Geovanni Mendoza Rivas, Etnohistoriador, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia
621. Zingonia Zingone, Writer, Independent
622. Yosahandi Navarrete, Profesora, UNAM
623. Zoila Ponce de León, Assistant Professor of Politics, Washington and Lee University
624. Daptnhe Cuevas, Integrante, Equidad de Género, Ciudadanía, Trabajo y Familia AC
625. Jeffrey L. Gould, Distinguished Professor of History, Indiana University
626. Atahualpa García Ibarra, Maestro en estudios interamericanos, Universidad de Bielefeld
627. Edgar Baltazar Landeros, Director, ILEPAZ México
628. Rhonda Neugebauer, Distinguished Latin American Studies Librarian, Emeritus, University of California, Riverside
629. Eric Hershberg, Director, Center for Latin American and Latino Studies, American University
630. Holly Jackson, Assistant Professor, Northern Arizona University
631. Ivan C Montecinos, Periodista, Independiente
632. João Vitor da Silva, Professor Assistente, Universidade Estadual de Campinas
633. Bruna Andrade Irineu, Profesora y Investigadora, UFMT, Brasil
634. Edna Maria Santos Roland, Experta Eminente Independiente, Organización de las Naciones Unidas
635. Tiago Genoveze, Program Manager, David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University
636. Grethy Rebeca Manzanares Garmendia, Maestrante/ Investigadora social independiente, IINSO
637. Marcia Baraona Cockrell, Pensionada del Magisterio de Costa Rica, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica
638. Alejandro Katz, Editor y Profesor, Universidad de Buenos Aires
639. Carolyn Forché, Professor, Georgetown University
640. Lauri Cristina García Dueñas, Escritora, Independiente
641. Ruben Chababo, Docente, Universidad Nacional de Rosario
642. Gustavo Meoño Brenner, Defensor de Derechos Humanos y Coordinador del Área de Memoria y Derechos Humanos de la Fundación para la Democracia de Rosario (Argentina)
643. Dolores Figueroa Romero, Profesora e investigadora, Centro de Investigacion y Estudios Avanzados en Antropología Social (CIESAS)
644. Maria Olga Ruiz, Historiadora, Universidad de La Frontera
645. Patricia Cuaranta, Escritora, actriz tallerista y Docente, Facultad de Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (Argentina)
646. Carlos Reboratti, Geografo (jubilado), UBA y CONICET
647. Hilda Sabato, Historiadora, CONICET/UBA
648. Patricia Tappatá Valdez , Profesora de la Facultad de Derecho, Universidad de Buenos Aires
649. Hugo Vezzetti, Profesor Titular Consulto, Universidad de Buenos Aires
650. Gerardo Sánchez Nateras, Investigador, Independiente
651. Alejandro Vila, Docente de la Facultad de Humanidades y Artes, UNR (Argentina)
652. Sergio Bufano, Periodista, Independiente
653. Egle Edith Frattoni Romano, Escritora, Independiente
654. Cristián Mallol, Profesor Titular de Matemática, Universidad de La Frontera
655. Emilio de Ipola, Profesor Emérito de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires
656. Susana Rozas, Profesora de Literatura, Universidad Nacional de Rosario
657. Maria Lanese, Psicologa y Poeta, Ministerio de Cultura, Argentina
658. Celso Castilho, Associate Professor of History, Vanderbilt University
659. Elizabeth Cohn, Professor, School of International Service, American University
660. Mario Bronfman, Consultor, Fundación Ford
661.Hugo Martínez, Estudiante doctoral en Historia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
662. Claudia Hilb, Profesora-investigadora, UBA-Conicet, Argentina
663. Luis Benjamín Cornejo, Consultor, Independiente
664. Ricardo Brodsky, Director, Museo Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, Chile
665. Steven S. Volk, Professor of History Emeritus, Oberlin College
666. Robert Jansen, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Michigan
667. Peter Soland, Assistant Professor of Latin American History, Southeast Missouri State University
668. Lilia García Torres, Doctorante, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
669. Catherine Tracy Goode, Independent Scholar, Independent
670. María Silvia Guillen, Abogada, Ex integrante de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH)
671. Maria Cecilia Micetich, Profesora nivel Secundario y Superior, Universidad Nacional de Rosario
672. Clyde Soto Badaui, Investigadora, Centro de Documentación y Estudios (CDE), Paraguay
673. Lorenzo Estepa Mohedano, Investigador, ETEA Instituto de Desarrollo, Universidad Loyola Andalucía
674. José Juan Romero Rodríguez, Profesor emerito, Universidad Loyola Andalucía
675. Jussi Pakkasvirta, Professor of Area and Cultural Studies, University of Helsinki
676. Nimah Mazaheri, Associate Professor, Tufts University
677. Anna Ayuso Pozo, Profesora asociada, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
678. Pirjo Mikkonen-Joublanc, Escritora y Periodista, Independiente
679. Oscar Sarlo, Profesor de Derecho, Universidad de la República
680. Natalia Cuadra Dumke, Spanish Lecturer, Mount Allison University
681. Jonathan Fox, Professor, School of International Service, American University
682. Rosalva Aida Hernandez Castillo, Profesora-Investigadora Titular, CIESAS-Mexico
683. Séverine Durin, Profesora - investigadora, CIESAS
684. Marisa Ruiz, Profesora jubilada , CEIL, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
685. Askold Melnyczuk, Writer/Professor of English, University of Massachusetts Boston
686. Carolina Robledo Silvestre, Investigadora, CIESAS, Ciudad de México
687. Lucy Garrido, Editora, Cotidiano Mujer / AFM
688. Corinna Zeltsman, Assistant Professor of History, Georgia Southern University
689. Gillian McGillivray, Associate Professor, Glendon College, York University
690. Elizabeth O'Brien, Assistant Professor, Johns Hopkins University
691. Idalia Morejón Arnaiz, Professora / Investigadora, Universidade de São Paulo
692. Santiago Bastos, Profesor / Investigador, CIESAS
693. Alder Soto Olivero, Pesquisador, Universidade de São Paulo
694. Briseida Milián Lemus, Socia fundadora, Instituto 25A
695. Ariel Denkberg, Profesor, Universidad de Buenos Aires
696. Adrián Gorelik, Historiador, Conicet / Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Argentina
697. Marcelo Cavarozzi, Investigador Principal, CONICET, Argentina
698. Gonzalo Hernández, Investigador, ITESO
699. Carter A. Hunt, Associate Professor, The Pennsylvania State University
700. Gerardo Renique, Associate Professor Emeritus, City University of New York
701. Silvia Romano, Profesora Emérita y Historiadora, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
702. Ángeles López, Profesora Investigadora Titular, CIESAS (México)
703. César Tcach, Investigador Principal, Conicet-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
704. Fernando I. Salmerón Castro, Profesor Investigador, CIESAS
705. Jose De la Cerda Gastelum, Dean, ITESO
706. Simon Granovsky-Larsen, Associate Professor of Politics and International Studies, University of Regina
707. José Luis Mariño, Investigador independiente, Revista En el volcán insurgente (México)
708. Juan Carlos Korol, Historiador, Universidad de Buenos Aires
709. Francisco Bustos, Académico, Facultad de Derecho, Universidad de Chile
710. Silvana Ablin, Profesora Adjunta de Historia Latinoamericana, UBA
711. Patricia Fortuny Loret de Mola, Profesora/Investigadora en Antropología, CIESAS México
712. Marcelo Saguier, Profesor e investigador, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de San Martin, Argentina
713. Alejandro Martínez Canales, Profesor Investigador, CIESAS
714. Carmen Coury, Assistant Professor of Latin American History, Southern Connecticut State University
715. Bill Bollinger, Lecturer, California State University, Los Angeles
716. Shannan L. Mattiace, Professor of Political Science, Allegheny College
717. Tamara Fuster Baraona, Professor, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica
718. Emilia Velázquez, Profesora investigadora, CIESAS (México)
719. Carlos Fernando López de la Torre, Docente e investigador, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
720. Efrén Sandoval Hernández, Profesor investigador, CIESAS
721. Patricia Arroyo Calderón, Assistant Professor, UCLA
722. Marcela Ternavasio, Profesora e Investigadora, Universidad Nacional de Rosario- CONICET
723. Judith Adler Hellman, Professor Emerita and Senior Scholar, York University, Toronto
724. María Teresa Sierra, Profesora-Investigadora Titular, CIESAS
725. Leonardo Rodríguez Hernández, Doctorando, Universidad de São Paulo
726. Elæ Moss, Adjunct Professor, Pratt Institute; Creative Director & Founder, The Operating System & Liminal Lab
727. Marco Aurelio Maximo Prado, Professor, Federal University of Minas Gerais/Brasil
728. Alethia Fernández de la Reguera, Investigadora, UNAM
729. Alfredo Saad Filho, Professor of Political Economy and International Development, King's College London
730. Liliana Cordero Marines, Investigadora, UNAM
731. Jacqueline Pitanguy, Socióloga, CEPIA (Brasil)
732. Denia Roman Solano, Profesora y Antropologa, Universidad de Costa Rica
733. Juan Pedro Viqueira, Historiador, El Colegio de México
734. Heather Vrana, Associate Professor of History, University of Florida
735. Roberto Russell, Presidente de la Fundación Vidanta y Profesor en la Universidad Di Tella
736. Fernando A. Blanco, Director of the Latin American Studies Program, Bucknell University
737. Berna Llanos, Professor, Brooklyn College, CUNY
738. Carolina Bank Muñoz, Professor, Brooklyn College and CUNY Graduate Center
739. Marina Bedran, Assistant Professor of Lusophone Studies, Johns Hopkins University
740. David Roas, Profesor, Bucknell University
741. Anne-Emanuelle Birn, Professor, University of Toronto
742. Adam Burgos, Assistant Professor, Bucknell University
743. Peggy Healy, Advisory Board Member, Feerick Center for Social Justice, Fordham University School of Law
744. Anna Heikkinen, Doctoral Researcher in Global Development Studies, University of Helsinki
745. Cynthia McClintock, Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, George Washington University
746. Gerardo Otero, Professor of International Studies, Simon Fraser University
747. Leticia Eva Tolosa, Profesora Titular, Universidad Católica de Córdoba
748. Ruth Zurbriggen, Profesora, Activista e Investigadora, Asociación Civil Colectiva Feminista La Revuelta
749. Gilles Bataillon, Directeur D'Études, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales
750. Lois Wessel, Assistant Professor of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University
751. Manuel Delgado, Professor Emeritus, Bucknell University
752. Millie Thayer, Associate Professor, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
753. Jose Lobo, Clinical Associate Professor, School of Sustainability, Arizona State University
754. Jeffrey W. Rubin, Associate Professor of History, Boston University
755. Daniel E Moreno Morales, Senior Researcher, CIUDADANÍA, Comunidad de Estudios Sociales y Acción Pública
756. Montserrat Rueda Becerril, Lecturer, University of British Columbia
757. Rauzy Marie-Luce, Éditrice, EHESS
758. Nicolas Ellison, Associate Professor, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales
759. Ricardo Gomez, Associate Professor, University of Washington
760. Josefina Saldaña-Portillo, Professor, New York University
761. Fiore Bran Aragón, Asistente graduada, University of New Mexico
762. Andrés Zambrano, Sociólogo y Doctorando en Estudios Políticos, EHESS
763. Paula Alonso, Associate Professor, The George Washington University
764. Kathleen Coll, Associate Professor, University of San Francisco
765. Hugo Quiroga, Investigador, Universidad Nacional de Rosario y Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
766. Elisabeth Jay Friedman, Professor, University of San Francisco
767. Gerardo Villadelángel Vinas, Ensayista y editor, La Jaula Abierta, México
768. Graciela Foglia, Docente / Investigadora, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Brasil
769. Doreley Carolina Coll, Professor, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada
770. Roberto G. Varea, Professor, University of San Francisco
771. Michele Wucker, Author, Independent
772. Henry F. (Chip) Carey, Associate Professor of Political Science, Georgia State University
773. Julia Alvarez, Writer-in-Residence Emerita, Middlebury College
774. Ilona Szabó, Co-founder and Executive Director, Instituto Igarapé
775. Natalia Armijo Canto, Profesora Investigadora, Universidad de Quintana Roo
776. Gabriel Negretto, Profesor, Instituto de Ciencia Política, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
777. Sara McElmurry, Researcher & Consultant, Independent
778. Jere Richard Behrman, Professor, University of Pennsylvania
779. Lori Keleher, Professor, New Mexico State University
780. Megan Jeanette Myers, Associate Professor of Spanish, Iowa State University
781. Dorinda Moreno, Professor (retired), Archivista, Editor and Publisher, Fuerza Mundial Global, Mujeres de las Americas
782. Kate Pravera, Academic researcher (retired), Independent
783. Erina Duganne, Professor of Art History, Texas State University
784. Andrew Gorvetzian, Graduate student, University of New Mexico and former employee of the Universidad Centroamericana
785. Lisa Marie Ruiz, Director of Equity and Inclusion, Ventura College
786. Oscar Chacón, Executive Director, Alianza Americas
787. Carme Clavel Arcas, Investigadora y Consultora en Salud Publica, Independiente
788. Lucía Suárez, Associate Professor and Director of Latinx Studies, Iowa State University
789. Suzanne M. Baker, Anthropologist and Lecturer, Public Health, Wayne State University
790. Patricia Suriel, Executive Director, Mariposa DR Foundation
791. Elise Cox, Writer, Independent
792. Jon Erickson, Professor, University of Vermont
793. Barbara Fischkin, Author and Journalist, Independent
794. Lariza Dugan Cuadra, Directora Ejecutiva, Central American Resource Center—CARECEN of Northern California
795. Marco Perez Navarrete, Political Analyst and Academic Researcher, Heinrich Böll Stiftung
796. Luis A. Villanueva, Officer, Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project
797. Manuel Molano, Chief Economist, Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad AC
798. Matt Nelson, Executive Director, Presente.org
799. Juan Rodriguez, Anthropologist and Founder, Dialogo en La Isla
800. John Hammond, Professor, CUNY
801. Joan Rea, Professor Emerita of Hispanic Studies, Rice University
Signatures as of 16:00 Pacific Time, July 26. Signatories are representing themselves. Affiliations are included for identification. / Firmas a las 16:00, hora de California, 26 de julio. Los firmantes se representan a sí mismos. Las afiliaciones están incluidas con fines de identificación.