Statement of Concern About Increasing Political Repression in Nicaragua Ahead of the 2021 Elections

We, the undersigned, are scholars and researchers of Latin American politics and social issues, many of us focused on Nicaragua. We are gravely concerned by the Nicaraguan government’s treatment of its political opponents. We call on the Nicaraguan government to release detained opposition presidential candidates, civil society figures, and all other political prisoners. We urge international actors to press Nicaragua’s government to revoke laws restricting civil liberties and to allow truly free and fair elections in November.

The government’s crackdown on mass protests after April 2018 left over 300 dead and thousands injured. Many more were imprisoned or forced into exile. These abuses were documented by the United Nations, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, and other independent experts. Since 2018, President Daniel Ortega and Vice President Rosario Murillo’s government has resisted calls for early elections and democratizing reforms. Instead, the government appears determined to make the scheduled November 2021 elections even less democratic. As of July 7, police have arrested six of the most prominent potential opposition presidential candidates—Cristiana Chamorro, Arturo Cruz, Félix Maradiaga, Juan Sebastián Chamorro, Miguel Mora, and Medardo Mairena—and members of their families and staff, as well as leaders of the business community and civil society organizations. These include former chamber of commerce president José Adán Aguerri, activist Violeta Granera, and former government minister and economist José Pallais, and arrests have been continuing. Other activists and journalists are facing legal threats or surveillance, while civil society groups and international organizations’ activities are severely restricted. Protest remains criminalized.

We urgently call on the Nicaraguan government to cease this repression, release all political prisoners, and to work with the opposition to commit to holding free and fair elections. Barring immediate action by the government to fulfill these conditions, it is imperative that governments, intergovernmental bodies, and international organizations collaborate to bring additional diplomatic pressure to bear on the Ortega-Murillo government, while taking care to avoid collateral impacts on the Nicaraguan people as a whole after several years of economic hardship. All Nicaraguans deserve to determine who governs them and to live in a society without fear of the state. At a time when political freedoms are under threat throughout the Americas, it is crucial to support Nicaraguans struggling for democracy, and to ensure the Ortega-Murillo government’s repression is not seen as an example for leaders and a warning for dissidents elsewhere in the region.

Those wishing to sign the letter can do so here.

Carta abierta sobre la escalada de represión política en Nicaragua antes de las elecciones de 2021

Nosotros, las y los firmantes, somos académicos e investigadores de la política y de temas sociales de América Latina, muchos de nosotros enfocados en Nicaragua. Estamos gravemente preocupados por el trato a ciudadanos opositores por parte del gobierno nicaragüense. Hacemos un llamado al gobierno nicaragüense para que libere de la detención los candidatos presidenciales de oposición, los actores de la sociedad civil, así como todos los demás prisioneros políticos. Instamos a la comunidad internacional a presionar al gobierno nicaragüense para que revoque leyes que restringen las libertades civiles y permita elecciones verdaderamente libres y justas en noviembre.

La violenta represión gubernamental de las manifestaciones populares después de abril del 2018 dejó al menos 300 muertos y miles de heridos. Muchas más personas fueron encarceladas o forzadas al exilio, cifras y abusos confirmados por la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH), la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU), y otros expertos independientes. Desde 2018, el gobierno del presidente Daniel Ortega y la vicepresidenta Rosario Murillo ha resistido cualquier llamada para realizar elecciones adelantadas o implementar reformas democratizadoras. Al contrario, el gobierno parece haber decidido asegurar que las elecciones programadas para noviembre de 2021 sean muy lejos de libres y justas. Hasta el 7 de julio, la policía nicaragüense ha detenido a seis de los precandidatos presidenciales más visibles de la oposición—Cristiana Chamorro, Arturo Cruz, Félix Maradiaga, Juan Sebastián Chamorro, Miguel Mora, y Medardo Mairena—así como miembros de sus equipos y familias, y también han sido detenidos líderes del sector empresarial y de la sociedad civil, incluidos el expresidente del Consejo Superior de la Empresa Privada (COSEP) José Adán Aguerri, la activista Violeta Granera y el exministro y economista José Pallais, y el gobierno sigue con mas detenciones. Otros activistas y periodistas están amenazados o bajo vigilancia, mientras que las actividades de los grupos de la sociedad civil y las organizaciones internacionales están restringidas. La protesta sigue siendo criminalizada por el gobierno.

Hacemos un llamado urgente al gobierno de Nicaragua para que cese esta represión, libere a todos los prisioneros políticos y trabaje con la oposición para comprometerse a organizar elecciones libres y justas. Si el gobierno no toma acciones inmediatas para cumplir con estas condiciones, es imperativo que los gobiernos, los organismos intergubernamentales, y las organizaciones internacionales colaboren para aumentar la presión diplomática sobre el gobierno Ortega-Murillo, siempre tomando precauciones para evitar impactos colaterales sobre el pueblo nicaragüense que lleva varios años de dificultades económicas. Todos los nicaragüenses merecen la posibilidad de determinar quién los gobierna y merecen vivir sin temor al Estado. En un momento en que las libertades políticas están amenazadas en todas las Américas, es fundamental apoyar a los nicaragüenses que luchan por la democracia y garantizar que la represión del gobierno Ortega-Murillo no sea vista como un ejemplo a seguir por otros mandatarios, ni una advertencia para los disidentes en otras partes de la región.

Se puede firmar la carta aquí.

1. Kai M. Thaler, Assistant Professor of Global Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara

2. Deborah J. Yashar, Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Princeton University

3. Steven Robert Levitsky, David Rockefeller Professor of Latin American Studies and Director of the Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University

4. Kenneth Roberts, Professor of Government, Cornell University

5. Scott Mainwaring, Professor of Political Science, University of Notre Dame

6. Thomas B F Cummins, Dumbarton Oaks Professor of the History of Pre-Columbian and Colonial Art and Director of Dumbarton Oaks, Harvard University

7. James Mahoney, Gordon Fulcher Professor of Decision-Making, Northwestern University

8. Javier Corrales, Professor of Political Science, Amherst College

9. Lindsay Mayka, Associate Professor of Government, Colby College

10. Gabriel Aguilera López, Decano Regional - Ciencias Sociales, Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey

11. Aníbal Pérez-Liñán, Profesor de Ciencia Politica, University of Notre Dame

12. Maria Victoria Murillo, Professor of Political Science, Columbia University

13. Javier Auyero, Professor of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin

14. Susan Eckstein, Professor, Boston University

15. Carlos De La Torre, Director of the Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida

16. Alfred P. Montero, Frank B. Kellogg Professor of Political Science, Carleton College

17. Leslie Anderson, Research Foundation Professor, University of Florida

18. Sebastián Etchemendy. Professor Political Science, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella

19. Santiago Anria, Assistant Professor of Political Science and Latin American Studies, Dickinson College

20. Noam Lupu, Associate Professor of Political Science, Vanderbilt University

21. Claudio Lomnitz, Professor, Columbia University

22. Robert Kaufman, Distinguished Professor, Rutgers University

23. Alberto Simpser, Profesor, ITAM

24. Marcelo Bergman, Profesor, UNTREF, Argentina

25. Ernesto F. Calvo, Profesor, University of Maryland

26. Matthew Carnes, Associate Professor of Government and Director of Center for Latin American Studies, Georgetown University

27. Catalina Smulovitz, Profesora Plenaria, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella

28. Gretchen Helmke, Professor of Political Science, University of Rochester

29. Margarita López Maya, Profesora-Investigadora, Universidad Central de Venezuela, CENDES

30. Lillian Guerra, Professor of Latin American History, University of Florida

31. Mario Pecheny, Profesor e Investigador, Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET

32. María Matilde Ollier, Directora doctorado Ciencia Política, Escuela de Política y Gobierno, UNSAM

33. Alejandro De Oto, Investigador y docente universitario, CONICET-UNSJ-Argentina

34. Rolando Gonzalez-Jose, Dr. en Biología, CONICET

35. Sebastián Barros, Profesor titular, Univ. Nac. De la Patagonia, Argentina

36. Juan Negri, Associate Professor, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella

37. Ricardo Gutiérrez, Profesor e Investigador, CONICET- Universidad Nacional De San Martín, Argentina

38. Ludovico Feoli, Director, Center for Inter-American Policy and Research, Tulane University

39. Federico Merke, Profesor Asociado, Universidad de San Andrés

40. Daniela Campello, Associate professor, Getulio Vargas Foundation

41. Juan Pablo Luna, Professor, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

42. Carlos Henrique Alves Limeira, Cientista político, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande-PB

43. Patrick Cunha Silva, Ph.D. Candidate, Washington University in St. Louis

44. Andrew Schrank, Olive C. Watson Professor of Sociology and International and Public Affairs, Brown University

45. Kenneth Greene, Associate Professor, University of Texas at Austin

46. João Biehl, Susan Dod Brown Professor of Anthropology, Princeton University

47. Douglas S. Massey, Henry G. Bryant Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs, Princeton University

48. Karen Kampwirth, Robert W. Murphy Professor of Political Science, Knox College

49. Shelley McConnell, Associate Professor of Government, St. Lawrence University

50. Maria Paula Saffon, Investigadora, UNAM

51. Gerardo L. Munck, Profesor, Universidad del Sur de California

52. Sandra Jessica Ley Gutierrez, Profesora-Investigadora Titular, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE)

53. Sandra Serrano, Profesora – Investigadora, FLACSO México

54. Rachel Sieder, Profesora-Investigadora, CIESAS, Mexico City

55. Rossana Castiglioni, Profesora, Universidad Diego Portales

56. Gabriela Tarouco, Professora, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco

57. Eduardo Alemán, Associate Professor, University of Houston

58. Michael Coppedge, Professor of Political Science, University of Notre Dame

59. Miguel Centeno, Professor, Princeton University

60. Laura Gamboa, Assistant Professor, University of Utah

61. Pablo M. Pinto, Associate Professor, University of Houston

62. Diana Isabel Güiza Gómez, Ph.D. Student in Political Science and Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame

63. Gianfranco Pasquino, Emeritus Professor of Political Science, University of Bologna, ITALY

64. Kathryn A. Sikkink, Ryan Family Professor of Human Rights Policy, Harvard Kennedy School

65. Rodolfo Vázquez, Professor, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM)

66. Sebastian Mazzuca, Assistant Professor, Johns Hopkins University

67. Alejandro Monsivais Carrillo, Investigador, El Colegio de la Frontera Norte

68. Jorge Mangonnet, Investigador postdoctoral, Nuffield College, Universidad de Oxford

69. Martín Tanaka, Politólogo, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú / Instituto de Estudios Peruanos

70. Doris Sommer, Professor/ Catedratica, Harvard University

71. Andreas Schedler, Professor of Political Science, CIDE-Mexico City

72. Kelly M. Greenhill, 2020-21 Leverhulme Trust Visiting Professor, Tufts and Harvard (HKS) Universities; SOAS (20-21)

73. Kurt Weyland, Mike Hogg Professor in Liberal Arts, University of Texas

74. Francisco Valdes-Ugalde, Professor-Researcher, Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales-UNAM

75. John M. Carey, Wentworth Professor in the Social Sciences, Dartmouth College

76. Tulia Falleti, Professor of Political Science, University of Pennsylvania

77. Mariano Siskind, Professor of Romance Languages and Literatures and Comparative Literature, Harvard University

78. Pauline Capdevielle, Investigadora, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM

79. Sheri Berman, Professor, Barnard College, Columbia University

80. Rachel Nolan, Assistant Professor, Boston University

81. Maxwell A. Cameron, Professor, University of British Columbia

82. Gabriela Irem Noles Cotito, Estudiante de doctorado, Universidad de Pensilvania

83. Edwin Alvarado-Mena, Ph.D. student, The University of Arizona

84. Alejandro Rodiles Breton, Profesor/Investigador, ITAM/Berlin-Potsdam Research Center KFG

85. Richard M Leventhal, Professor – Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania

86. Juan Pablo Ardila, History PhD candidate, University of Pennsylvania

87. Javier Martín Reyes, Profesor, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE, México)

88. Randall Burson, MD-PhD Student, University of Pennsylvania

89. Michael Jones-Correa, President's Distinguished Professor of Political Science, University of Pennsylvania

90. Isabella Alcañiz, Associate Professor of Government and Politics, University of Maryland

91. Magdalena Lopez, Investigadora académica, University of Notre Dame

92. Ruth Berins Collier, Professor, University of California, Berkeley

93. Catherine E. Bartch, Associate Director, Latin American and Latinx Studies, University of Pennsylvania

94. Patricia Funes, Historiadora, UBA/CONICET

95. Graciela Montaldo, Professor, Columbia University

96. Jessica Rich, Associate Professor, Marquette University

97. Michael Weintraub, Profesor Asociado, Escuela de Gobierno, Universidad de los Andes

98. Ioannis D. Evrigenis, Professor of Political Science; Director of the International Relations Program, Tufts University

99. Richard Snyder, Professor of Political Science, Brown University

100. Eric Mosinger, Assistant Professor, Santa Clara University

101. Pablo Palumbo, Politólogo, Universidad Nacional de San Martín

102. María Teresa Lozano O'Reilly, Estudiante de doctorado, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas UNAM

103. Hilary Francis, Lecturer, Northumbria University

104. Don Leonard, Assistant Professor of Practice, The Ohio State University

105. Adrián Lucardi, Profesor Asociado de Tiempo Completo, ITAM

106. Sergio Angel, Profesor Investigador, Universidad Sergio Arboleda

107. Rafael R. Ioris, Associate Professor, University of Denver

108. Rachel Bowen, Associate Professor, The Ohio State University

109. Consuelo Amat Matus, Postdoctoral Research Scholar, Stanford University

110. Nico Millman, PhD Candidate, English Department, University of Pennsylvania

111. Alisha Holland, Associate Professor of Government, Harvard University

112. Janice Gallagher, Assistant Professor, Rutgers University-Newark

113. Agustina Giraudy, Associate Professor, American University

114. Lucas Gonzalez, Professor and Researcher, CONICET/UCA-UNSAM

115. Kent Eaton, Professor of Politics, University of California, Santa Cruz

116. Edward Gibson, Professor, Northwestern University

117. Robert Brett, PhD Candidate, University of Pennsylvania

118. Alison Brysk, Distinguished Professor, University of California Santa Barbara

119. Juan Cristóbal Castro, Profesor, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso

120. Liliana De Riz, Socióloga, CADAL

121. Jorge Miguel Streb, Profesor, Universidad del Cema

122. Carlos Pabon, Profesor, University of Puerto Rico

123. David Altman, Profesor, Instituto de Ciencia Política, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

124. Laura López-Pérez, PhD student of Political Science, University of Notre Dame

125. Ignacio Labaqui, Profesor Pro-Titular, Universidad Católica Argentina

126. Rachel A. Schwartz, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Otterbein University

127. Brian H. Smith, Professor Emeritus of Religion, Ripon College

128. Sara Niedzwiecki, Assistant Professor, University of California, Santa Cruz

129. Andy Baker, Professor, University of Colorado Boulder

130. Hernan Jose Alberro, Periodista, Independent

131. Pablo Rueda-Saiz, Associate Professor, University of Miami School of Law

132. Rose Spalding, Professor, DePaul University

133. Mario Sánchez González, Investigador Universitario, Universidad Centroamericana de Nicaragua

134. Nina Gerassi-Navarro, Professor, Tufts University

135. Douglas Castro, Alianza Universitaria Nicaragüense

136. Noémi Gonda, Researcher / Investigadora, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences / Universidad Sueca de Ciencias Agrícolas

137. Serena Cosgrove, Associate Professor in International Studies, Seattle University

138. Sergio Miguel Cabrales Domínguez, Doctorando en Sociología, University of Pittsburgh

139. Beatriz Magaloni, Professor, Stanford University

140. Laura Blume, Assistant Professor, University of Nevada Reno

141. Hector M. Cruz-Feliciano, Director of Programs, Latin America, CET Academic Programs

142. Jana Morgan, Professor of Political Science, University of Tennessee

143. Raquel Neyra, Docente, UNALM

144. Nathalia Hernandez Vidal, Doctora en sociología, Independiente

145. Eduardo Dargent, Profesor, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú

146. Paula Munoz, Profesora asociada, Universidad del Pacífico

147. César Augusto Guadalupe Mendizábal, Profesor-investigador, Universidad del Pacífico (Perú)

148. Jennifer Goett, Associate Professor of Comparative Cultures and Politics, Michigan State University

149. Jennifer Cyr, Associate Professor, Universidad Torcuato di Tella

150. Steven B. Bloomfield, Associate Director, Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, Brown University

151. Bruno Bolognesi, Political Scientista/Professor, Federal University of Paraná

152. Maria Julia Bertomeu, Investigadora Principal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas, Argentina

153. Elisabeth Jean Wood, Professor of Political Science, Yale University

154. Dolores Figueroa Romero, Profesora de Antropologia Social, CONACYT- CIESAS CDMX

155. Carlos Ivan Paredes Estrada, Estudiante de universidad, Alianza Universitaria Nicaraguense (AUN)

156. John Mazza, Manager of Web and Multimedia Production, Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, Brown University

157. Paola Bergallo, Profesora, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella

158. Sergio Villena, Profesor, Universidad de Costa Rica

159. Alberto J. Olvera, Professor, Universidad Veracruzana

160. Robert Devigne, Professor of Political Science, Tufts University

161. Veronica Rueda Estrada, Profesora-investigadora, Universidad de Quintana Roo

162. Diedrich Delallana, Abogado, Unidad Nacional Azul y Blanco (UNAB)

163. Alba Reyes Lara, Profesora y estudiante, UNAM

164. Mónica Toussaint, Profesora-Investigadora, Instituto Mora (Mexico)

165. Felipe Flores Vichi, Profesor Investigador , Universidad de Quintana Roo

166. Beth Stephens, Distinguished Professor of Law, Rutgers Law School

167. Deborah Schildkraut, Professor of Political Science, Tufts University

168. Tim Phillips, Founder, Beyond Conflict

169. Soili Buska, Profesora, Universidad de Costa Rica

170. Gustavo Fuchs, Profesor universitario, Universidad Nacional

171. Claudia Mandel, Directora, Museo de las Mujeres de Costa Rica

172. Claudio Vargas, Historiador, Universidad de Costa Rica

173. Benjamin Waddell, Associate Professor of Sociology and Criminology, Fort Lewis College

174. Jane Esberg, Postdoctoral Fellow, Princeton University

175. Karen Musalo, Professor, University of California, Hastings

176. David Collier, Profesor Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley

177. Néstor E. Rodríguez, Associate Professor, University of Toronto

178. Ben Schneider, Professor, MIT

179. Pablo Piccato, Profesor, Columbia University

180. Eulogio Guzman, Senior Lecturer, Tufts University

181. Pablo Livov, Museo de las Mujeres de Costa Rica

182. Adela Vázquez Trejo, Docente, Universidad de Quintana Roo

183. Leda M. Pérez, Profesora e Investigadora, Universidad del Pacífico

184. Sam Handlin, Associate Professor of Political Science, Swarthmore College

185. Katrina Burgess, Associate Professor, Fletcher School, Tufts University

186. Diana Pritchard, University of Bedfordshire

187. Alberto Cortés Ramos, Profesor Catedrático, Universidad de Costa Rica

188. Elizet Payne, Historiadora, Universidad de Costa Rica

189. Natalia Armijo Canto, Profesora Investigadora, Universidad de Quintana Roo

190. Ana Arjona, Profesora Asociada, Northwestern University

191. Claudia Mattos Avolese, Senior Lecturer, Tufts University

192. Rina Caceres-Gomez, Dra História, Universidad de Costa Rica

193. Angelica Duran-Martinez, Associate Professor, University of Massachusetts Lowell

194. Christine J. Wade, Professor of Political Science and International Studies, Washington College

195. Yansi Pérez, Associate Professor, Carleton College

196. Susanne Jonas, Continuing Lecturer (r), University of California, Santa Cruz

197. Arlene B. Tickner, Professor of International Relations, Universidad del Rosario, Colombia

198. Pierre M. LaRamee, Generation--Population, Development and Reproductive Health Consultants, LLC

199. Kirsten Weld, Professor of History, Harvard University

200. Delphine Lacombe, Socióloga, Université de Paris

201. Federico Pérez, Assistant Professor, Portland State University

202. Jon Jonakin, Emeritus Professor of Economics, Tennessee Technological University

203. Dennis Arias Mora, Profesor Catedrático, Universidad de Costa Rica

204. Lynn Maria Stephen, Profesora de Antropologia, University of Oregon

205. Daniel Quirós, Associate Professor, Lafayette College

206. Pedro Angel Palou, Fletcher Professor of Oratory, Tufts University

207. Juanita M. Darling, Professor, San Francisco State University

208. Amy Millay, Senior Lecturer, Tufts University

209. Anjuli Fahlberg, Assistant Professor of Sociology, Tufts University

210. Helen Marrow, Associate Professor of Sociology, Tufts University

211. Florencia Quesada Avendaño, Doctora, Universidad de Helsinki

212. Javier Osorio, Assistant Professor, University of Arizona

213. John A. Booth, Professor Emeritus of Political Science, University of North Texas

214. Benjamin Goldfrank, Professor, Seton Hall University

215. Orlando J. Perez, Dean, School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of North Texas at Dallas

216. Jan L. Flora, Profesor Emerito, Iowa State University

217. Adriana Zavala, Associate Professor, Tufts University

218. Nicholas Barnes, Lecturer, University of St. Andrews

219. Celso Rocha de Barros, Colunista, Folha de São Paulo

220. Pedro Zubieta Funes, Professor, Universidad Católica Boliviana

221. Ben Orlove, Professor, Columbia University

222. Eva Leticia Orduña Trujillo, Investigadora de tiempo completo, Centro de Investigaciones sobre América Latina y el Caribe de la UNAM

223. Maria Celeste Braga Beatove, Profesora de Derecho, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella

224. Virginia Oliveros, Associate Professor, Tulane University

225. Cecilia Conde, Investigadora, UNAM, Mexico

226. Ilka Treminio, Directora, FLACSO Costa Rica

227. Ezequiel González Ocantos, Associate Professor, University of Oxford

228. Cristina Eguizábal, Profesora, FLACSO Costa Rica

229. Fernando M. Jaime, Profesor Titular, UBA / UNAJ

230. Juany Guzmán León, Profesora Catedrática Pensionada, Universidad de Costa Rica

231. Gabriel Puricelli, Coordinator, International Policy Programme, Laboratorio de Políticas Públicas

232. Natalia Jacovkis, Associate Professor of Spanish, Xavier University

233. Caio Tendolini, Economista, Bancada Ativista

234. Mark Healey, Associate Professor, University of Connecticut

235. Julio F. Carrión, Associate Professor, University of Delaware

236. Juan Crespo, Doctorando en Estudios sobre Desarrollo, Univeresidad del País Vasco / Instituto HEGOA

237. Noah Zweig, Faculty Associate, Arizona State University

238. Mariano Sánchez-Talanquer, Profesor Investigador, El Colegio de México

239. Rebecca Galemba, Associate Professor, University of Denver

240. Pauline Jones, Professor, University of Michigan

241. Jacob Turner, PhD Candidate, University of Notre Dame

242. Daniel Friedrich, Associate Professor of Curriculum, Teachers College, Columbia University

243. Vaclav Masek, Ph.D. Student in Sociology, University of Southern California

244. Patrick McQuestion, Research Associate, University of Notre Dame

245. Alexandra Panzarelli, PhD candidate, New School for Social Research

246. Wendy Hunter, Professor of Government, University of Texas

247. Juan Manuel Muñoz Portillo, Profesor, Universidad de Costa Rica

248. Timothy Scully, Professor of Political Science, University of Notre Dame

249. Maritza Paredes, Profesora Asociada, Pontifica Universidad Católica del Peru

250. Chris O'Connell, Research Fellow, Dublin City University

251. Marta Bunge, Profesora Emerita de Matematicas, McGill University

252. Caitlin Andrews-Lee, Assistant Professor, Ryerson University

253. Antulio Rosales, Assistant Professor of Political Science, University of New Brunswick

254. Luis Herrán Ávila, Assistant Professor of History, University of New Mexico

255. Roy Hora, Investigador Principal, CONICET, Argentina

256. Raul Sanchez Urribarri, Senior Lecturer in Legal Studies, La Trobe University

257. Matias Bianchi, Director, Asuntos del Sur

258. Juan Jesús Garza Onofre, Investigador de tiempo completo, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM

259. José Briceño Ruiz, Professor - Researcher, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México

260. Norma Graciela Chiapparrone, Abogada, NoSomosIncubadoras

261. Maria Isabel Mayer, Grupo YANAPAI

262. Calla Hummel, Assistant Professor, University of Miami

263. Julio Rios Figueroa, Profesor Titular, ITAM

264. Sarah Daly, Assistant Professor, Columbia University

265. María Isabel Puerta Riera, Adjunct Professor of Political Science, Valencia College

266. Linda Estelí Méndez Barrientos, PhD candidate/Incoming Assistant Professor, University of California Davis/Korbel School of International Studies, University of Denver

267. Randy Pestana, Assistant Director of Research, Gordon Institute, Florida International University

268. David Smilde, Professor of Sociology, Tulane University

269. Monica Martinez, Research Case Investigator, Georgia State University

270. Kristina Lyons, Assistant Professor of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania

271. Javier Arteaga, Publicista y Director, Feeling (Colombia)

272. Jennifer Pribble, Associate Professor of Political Science, University of Richmond

273. Juliana Martine Franzoni, Catedrática, Universidad de Costa Rica

274. Bill (William) A. Barnes, Independent scholar

275. Joseph Young, Professor, American University

276. James Loxton, Senior Lecturer in Comparative Politics, University of Sydney

277. Víctor Hugo Acuña Ortega, Catedrático y profesor emérito, Universidad de Costa Rica

278. María Esther Montanaro Mena, Editora de Cuadernos Inter.c.a.mbio sobre Centroamérica y el Caribe, CIICLA, Universidad de Costa Rica

279. Rosario Hidalgo, Medical Doctor and Researcher, Tampa Comprehensive Psychiatry, LLC

280. Imdat Oner, PhD Candidate, Florida International University

281. Pablo Martín Ruiz, Profesor, Tufts University

282. Florence E. Babb, Anthony Harrington Professor of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

283. Carmen Caamaño Morúa, Docente, Universidad de Costa Rica

284. Luis Alberto, Director, Amexcap

285. Giancarlo Visconti, Assistant Professor, Purdue University

286. Benedicte Bull, Professor, University of Oslo

287. Armando Chaguaceda, Investigador de Gobierno & Análisis Político, Independiente

288. José Antonio Sanahuja, Catedrático de Relaciones Internacionales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid

289. Eline van Ommen, Lecturer, Utrecht University

290. Julie Cupples, Professor of Human Geography and Cultural Studies, University of Edinburgh

291. Sabine Kurtenbach, Lead Researcher, GIGA

292. Anika Oettler, Professor of Sociology, Philipps Universität Marburg

293. Abbey Steele, Associate Professor, University of Amsterdam

294. Francisco J. Verdes-Montenegro, Investigador, ICEI

295. Fabio Andres Diaz Pabon, Researcher, International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University

296. Cecilia Güemes, Profesora, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid

297. Andrew Nickson, Honorary Reader in Latin American Studies, University of Birmingham

298. Julienne Weegels, Assistant Professor, CEDLA-University of Amsterdam

299. Leandro N Carrera, Research Associate, PPG - London School of Economics

300. Silke Heumann, Senior Lecturer, International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University

301. Lucy Taylor, Senior Lecturer, Aberystwyth University

302. Goya Wilson Vásquez, Senior Research Associate, University of Bristol

303. Ana Victoria Portocarrero Lacayo, Doctorante en el Instituto de Estudios Sociales, Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam

304. David Preston, Social scientist lecturer, retired, University of Oxford & University of Leeds

305. Arij Ouweneel, Profesor universitario, Universidad de Amsterdam

306. Floor van der Hout, Doctoral candidate, Northumbria University

307. Peter Wade, Professor of Social Anthropology, University of Manchester

308. Dirk Kruijt, Professor of Development Studies Emeritus, Utrecht University

309. Luisa F. González Valencia, Candidata a doctorado, Centro de Estudios Latinoamericanos de la Universidad de Ámsterdam - CEDLA

310. Lillian Sol Cueva, PhD researcher, International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University

311. Sarah Kemp, PhD candidate, Northumbria University, UK

312. William C. Smith, Professor Emeritus, University of Miami

313. Patience Schell, Chair in Hispanic Studies, University of Aberdeen

314. Masaya Llavaneras Blanco, Incoming Assistant Professor, Huron University College

315. Salvador Martí i Puig, Profesor, Universidad de Girona

316. Michael Deibert, Visiting Scholar, Instituto Ciências Sociais

317. Eduardo Moncada, Assistant Professor, Barnard College, Columbia University

318. Francisco J. Monaldi, Fellow, Rice University

319. Rutgerd Boelens, Professor, Wageningen University & University of Amsterdam

320. Hannah Porada, PhD Candidate, CEDLA, University of Amsterdam

321. Jordi Diez, Catedrático, University of Guelph, Canada

322. Newton Bignotto, Professor Titular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brasil

323. Kristin Skrabut, Assistant Professor of Urban Policy & Anthropology, Tufts University

324. Daisy D'Amario, Profesora, Sociología, Universidad Central de Venezuela

325. Sonia Garzon Ramirez, Marie Curie Research Fellow, Aberystwyth University

326. Sonia Correa, Pesquisadora Social y Activista, Observatorio de Sexualidad y Politica

327. Mneesha Gellman, Associate Professor of Political Science, Emerson College

328. Susan Stokes, Blake Distinguished Service Professor, University of Chicago

329. Mónica Roa, Directora Ejecutiva, Puentes/Bridges

330. Maria Jose Montoya, Abogada, Sinergias-Alianzas Estratégicas para la Salud y el Desarrollo Social

331. Ryan E. Carlin, Professor of Political Science, Georgia State University

332. James M. Glaser, Professor of Political Science/Dean of Arts and Sciences, Tufts University

333. Marta Royo, Directora Ejecutiva, Profamilia

334. Noe Montez, Associate Professor of Theatre, Dance and Performance Studies, Tufts University

335. Logan Puck, Lecturer, Bates College

336. Philippe Urfalino, Senior Researcher, CNRS

337. Lena Lavinas, Professor, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

338. Bibiana Duarte, PhD researcher, University of Amsterdam

339. Sian Lazar, Reader in Social Anthropology, University of Cambridge

340. Trevor Evans, Professor of Economics, Berlin School of Economics and Law

341. Corina Rodriguez Enriquez, Economista, CIEPP - DAWN, Argentina

342. Pablo Collada, Director, Red Catapulta

343. Regina Fonseca, Coordinadora de programa, Centro de Derechos de Mujeres

344. Gabriela Ugarte, Comunicadora y analista de gestión constructiva de conflictos, Consultora independiente

345. Gerardo Scherlis, Profesor Titular - Investigador, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Conicet

346. Christian Gros, Profesor, Universidad Sorbona Paris

347. Abigail Satinsky, Curator, Tufts University Art Galleries

348. Paul Amar, Professor and Director of the Orfalea Center for Global and International Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara

349. Francisco R Rodriguez, Director, Oil for Venezuela

350. Candelaria Garay, Senior Fellow, Harvard University

351. Abby Cordova, Associate Professor, University of Notre Dame

352. Ricardo Valencia, Assistant Professor, California State University, Fullerton

353. Morena Soledad Herrera Argueta, Candidata a Doctorado en Filosofía Iberoamericana, Colectiva Feminista para el Desarrollo Local

354. Susan Brewer-Osorio, Assistant Professor, University of Arizona

355. Javier Fernández-Lasquetty, Consejero de Hacienda, Comunidad de Madrid (España)

356. Derek Beaudry, Lecturer, University of North Georgia

357. Julio Saguir, Doctor en Ciencia Politica y docente universitario, Universidad Santo Tomas de Aquino (Tucuman)

358. Rod Mena, Assistant Professor, International Institute of Social Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam

359. Manuela Picq, Profesora de Relaciones Internacionales, Amherst College / Universidad San Francisco de Quito

360. Courtney J. Campbell, Lecturer in Latin American History, University of Birmingham (UK)

361. Adrián Pignataro, Profesor, Universidad de Costa Rica

362. Galia Solomonoff, Professor of Architecture, Columbia University

363. Yanina Welp, Investigadora senior, Albert Hirschman Centre on Democracy, Graduate Institute, Geneva

364. Mateo Jarquín, Assistant Professor of History, Chapman University

365. Elizabeth Oglesby, Associate Professor of Latin American Studies, University of Arizona

366. Iria Puyosa, Profesora Asociada, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Comunicación (ININCO) - Universidad Central de Venezuela.

367. Mariela Palma Cambronero, President, Asociación Libre

368. Melissa Martinez, Assistant Professor, University of Mary Washington

369. Bárbara Brizuela, Professor, Tufts University

370. Kevin Parthenay, Full Professor of Political Science, University of Tours

371. Aaron Pollack, Profesor/Investigador, CIESAS

372. María Fernanda Bozmoski, Deputy Director, Programs, Atlantic Council

373. Adriana Rudling, Post-Doctoral Research Fellow, Chr. Michelsen Institute, Norway

374. Joshua Mayer, PhD candidate in Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles

375. Heather S. Nathans, Professor, Department of Theatre, Dance, and Performance Studies, Tufts University

376. Jorge Recharte Bullard, Presidente, Instituto de Montaña

377. Wendi Bellanger, Provost, Universidad Centroamericana

378. José Luis Rocha, Investigador asociado, Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas"

379. Vickie Sullivan, Professor, Tufts University

380. Daniel I. Pedreira, PhD candidate in Political Science, Florida International University

381. Camilo Saavedra, Investigador, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, UNAM (México)

382. John Polga-Hecimovich, Assistant Professor, US Naval Academy

383. Ángela Fonseca Galvis, Associate Professor, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana

384. Gabriela Nouzeilles, Professor and Director of the Program in Latin American Studies, Princeton University

385. José Henríquez Leiva, PhD Fellow, National University of Ireland Galway

386. Ana María Méndez-Dardón, Human rights lawyer, University of Guelph

387. Elvira Cuadra, Socióloga, Centro de Investigación de la Comunicación

388. William I. Robinson, Distinguished Professor of Sociology, University of California at Santa Barbara

389. Robert Carlson, Editor, Global Americans

390. Johanna Cilano Pelaez, Posdoctorante, UNAM

391. Joseph Nevins, Professor of Geography, Vassar College

392. M. Brinton Lykes, Professor and Co-Director, Center for Human Rights & International Justice, Boston College

393. Pablo Bolaños Villegas, Associate Faculty, University of Costa Rica, Fabio Baudrit Agricultural Research Station

394. Marisol de la Cadena, Professor, University of California-Davis

395. Luis Alberto Figueroa Jurado, Profesor, Universidad Francisco Marroquín

396. M. Emilia Barbosa, Assistant Professor, Missouri University of Science and Technology

397. Carlos Castro Jo, Professor of Sociology, Clark College

398. Alexander L. Fattal, Assistant Professor, University of California, San Diego

399. Oscar René Vargas Escobar, Sociólogo y Economista, Centro de Estudio de la Realidad Nacional – Nicaragua

400. Julia Medina, Associate Professor of Spanish, University of San Diego

401. Milton Castellanos, Spanish Professor, Northwest Career and Technical Academy, Las Vegas, NV

402. Alexandra Ortiz Wallner, Investigadora y docente, Universidad de Costa Rica/Freie Universität Berlin

403. Valeria Grinberg Pla, Professor, Bowling Green State University

404. Julia Calderón, Ph.D. Candidate, UCLA

405. Pamela Neumann, Assistant Professor of Sociology, Texas A&M International University

406. Osvaldo Meloni, Professor of economics, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Argentina

407. James Quesada, Professor, San Francisco State University

408. Jorge Resina, Profesor de Ciencia Política, Universidad Complutense de Madrid

409. Tatiana Arguello, Assistant Professor of Spanish, Texas Christian University

410. Irene Correas Sosa, Profesor adjunto de Derecho Constitucional, Universidad San Pablo CEU

411. Juan F. Ibarra Del Cueto, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Colgate University

412. Rosa Patricia Ruiz Urbina, Docente pensionada, Independiente

413. Humberto Meza, Investigador, INCT Observatório das Metrópoles, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

414. Michael Paarlberg, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Virginia Commonwealth University

415. Charles Walker, Professor, UC Davis

416. William H. Gomez Soto, Profesor, Ufpel, Brasil

417. Patricia Bayer Richard, Professor Emerita, Ohio University

418. Loris Zanatta, Catedratico, Università di Bologna

419. Adriano da Silva, Pesquisador, Fiocruz

420. Ryan Daugherty, Instructor, Butler University

421. Matt Samson, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Davidson College

422. Daniel Centeno Maldonado, Faculty, University of Houston

423. Ternot MacRenato, Professor of History (ret.), San Diego Community College District

424. Gregory M. Thaler, Assistant Professor, University of Georgia

425. Oxana Shevel, Associate Professor of Political Science, Tufts University

426. Manuel Alcántara Sáez, Profesor, Universidad de Salamanca

427. Elizabeth Remick, Associate Professor, Tufts University

428. Jo-Marie Burt, Associate Professor, George Mason University

429. Victoria González-Rivera, Associate Professor of Chicana and Chicano Studies, San Diego State University

430. Irina Carlota Silber, Professor, City College of New York

431. Maria Emilia Bianco, Graduate researcher, Boston College

432. Philip J. Williams, Dean, College of Liberal Arts, California State Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo

433. Freddy Quezada, Sociólogo y Docente universitario, UCA, UNAN, y UPOLI

434. Miguel Gonzalez, Assistant Professor, York University

435. Diego Sanchez-Ancochea, Professor, University of Oxford

436. Jennifer McCoy, Professor of Political Science, Georgia State University

437. Helene Roux, Socióloga, Universidad París 1

438. Malik Mufti, Professor, Tufts University

439. Pedro Capra Vieira, Cientista político, Swissnex

440. Skarlleth Martinez Prado, Investigadora, Independiente

441. Ulises Tadeo Munguía Fonseca, Economista, Independiente

442. Melba Castillo, Investigadora, UCA Managua

443. Víctor M. Mijares, Assistant Professor of Political Science, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia

444. Craig Arceneaux, Professor, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

445. Anais Ruiz, educator and administrator (retired), Independent

446. Carolina Guerrero Valencia, Associate, GIGA Institute for Latin American Studies

447. Roberto García Ferreira, Profesor, Universidad de la República

448. Daniel Vázquez, Profesor, UNAM

449. Josefina Vijil, Investigadora y Profesora, Academia de Ciencias de Nicaragua

450. Amparo María M Marroquín Parducci, Profesora, Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas"

451. Rina Caceres-Gomez, Dra. de História, Universidad de Costa Rica

452. Ximena Simpson, Investigadora, Escuela de Política y Gobierno, Universidad Nacional de San Martín

453. Fernando Cerezal Sierra, Profesor Jubilado, Excoordinador Programa Cooperación con Centroamerica, Universidad de Alcalá

454. Maria Mercedes, Salgado Doctoranda, Universidad de São Paulo (USP)

455. D. L. Pelton, Professor (retired), Henry Ford College

456. Alberto Cortés Ramos, Profesor Catedrático, Universidad de Costa Rica

457. Gerardo Aboy Carlés, Investigador Principal y Profesor Titular, CONICET/UNSAM

458. John Mckiernan-Gonzalez, Associate Professor of History, Texas State University

459. Marcio de Oliveira Ramos, Professor, SEEDUC-RJ

460. Karin Friederic, Assistant Professor, Wake Forest University

461. Laercio Caruso Baldas, TCT Segurança do Trabalho, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brasil

462. Fernando Carbajo Cascon, Catedrático de Derecho Mercantil, Universidad de Salamanca

463. Johanna Parra, Profesora, Universidad del Rosario

464. Gloria Vera-Bedolla, Admissions Representative, Central Texas Allied Health Institute

465. Rafael Meza Duriez, Docente, Universidad Centroamericana

466. Elba Katy Rivera Urbina, Directora de dos colegios, Luz en la Selva

467. Alex Bonilla, Investigador en Educación y docente universitario, Universidad Centroamericana de Nicaragua

468. Alfredo Riquelme Segovia, Profesor Titular, Instituto de Historia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

469. Fátima García Díez, Prof. Titular de Universidad, Universidad de Salamanca

470. Mercedes Moncada Rodríguez, Cineasta, Independiente

471. Martin Scurrah, Retired, Oxfam America

472. Alberto Valencia Gutierrez, Profesor de Sociologia, Universidad del Valle, Cali

473. Nicolás Miranda Olivares, Doctor en Ciencia Política, Universidad de Chile

474. Luis Miguel Isava, Investigador visitante, Freie Universität Berlin/Universidad Simón Bolívar

475. Kumi Samuel, Researcher, DAWN

476. Helen Dixon, Lecturer/PhD, University of Sussex/University of Brighton

477. Florentino Portero, Profesor de Historia, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria

478. Radek Buben, Assistant Professor, Charles University, Prague

479. Danilo Lopez-Roman, Architect and Writer, Independent

480. Francy Luna, Graduate student, University of Michigan

481. Natalia Armijo Canto, Profesora Investigadora, Universidad de Quintana Roo

482. Hólmfriður Garðarsdottir, Profesora, Universidad de Islandia

483. Vicente Baca Lagos, Profesor Titular de Teoría de la Comunicación, Universidad Complutense de Madrid

484. Francisca Pou Giménez, Associate Professor of Law, ITAM

485. Raphaele Plu-Jenvrin, Lecturer / Assistant Professor, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle

486. Carolina Ovares Sánchez, Candidata a doctora, Universidad Nacional de San Martín

487. Paolo Luers, Periodista, El Diario de Hoy (El Salvador)

488. Marcelo Coelho Soares, Professor of Design and Arts, UFRJ-Macaé

489. Tania Pleitez Vela, Investigadora / Coordinadora, Red de Investigación de las Literaturas de Mujeres de América Central

490. Payín Imendia, Escritor, Independiente

491. Mary Ellsberg, Director of Global Women’s Institute and Profesor of Global Health and International Affairs, George Washington University

492. Rocío Zamora Sauma, Docente, Universidad de Costa Rica

493. Ellen Clancy, Senior Programme Manager, Independent

494. Eivor Halkjaer, Embajadora, FUF

495. Francisco Jimenez, MA Student in Latin American and Caribbean Studies, New York University

496. Antonio Monte, PhD candidate in history, FU-Berlin

497. Jorge Sainz, Catedrático (Professor), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos

498. Vanessa Castro Cardenal, Doctor en Educacion, Jubilada y facilitadora campaña de animación lectura en Nicaragua

499. Ewa Werner Dahlin, Diplomatica Jubilada, Independiente

500. Maria Auxiliadora Castro e Camargo, Dra en Derecho Constitucional y Europeo, Abogada Pública, AGU, Brasil

501. Adan Garcia, PhD Student, University of California Davis

502. Eduardo Scalvini, Economista y Profesor, Universidad Alberto Hurtado

503. Tromen Perretta, Facultad de Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de Rosario

504. Richard Stahler-Sholk, Professor, Eastern Michigan University

505 Rafael Charún Gutiérrez, Economist, Independent

506. Fernando Montero, Postdoctoral Fellow, Columbia University

507. Fernando Savater, Escritor, Independiente

508. Abelardo Morales-Gamboa, Profesor, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica

509. Francisco Sánchez, Profesor de Ciencia Política, Universidad de Salamanca

510. Veronica Brownstone, PhD Student, University of Pennsylvania

511. Vitória Moreira, PhD Student, University of California, Santa Barbara

512. Javier Campos, Profesor Emérito, Fairfield University, Connecticut

513. Azul Savid, Research assistant, NYU Langone Health

514. José Juan Pérez Meléndez, Assistant Professor, University of California, Davis

515. Nicolas Diaz Cruz, Fundador-Director Ejecutivo, Extituto de Política Abierta

516. Philip Brenner, Professor Emeritus of International Relations, American University

517. Julie A. Charlip, Professor, Department of History, Whitman College

518. Azul Savid, Research assistant, NYU Langone Health

519. Alicia González, Profesora, Occidental College

520. Carolina Castellanos Gonella, Associate Professor of Spanish and Portuguese, Dickinson College

521. Pablo Biderbost, Profesor Titular, Universidad Pontificia Comillas

522. Robert Grosse, sociologo, Asesor de cooperacion internacional

523. Axel Rivas, Dean, School of Education, Universidad de San Andrés

524. Alfredo Mendoza, Lecturer in Engineering Geology, Universidad de Lund, Sweden

525. Michel Gobat, Professor, University of Pittsburgh

526. María del Carmen Villarreal Villamar, Profesora de Ciencia Política y Relaciones internacionales, Universidad Federal del Estado de Río de Janeiro (UNIRIO)

527. Manuel Prado, Economista, FUNADEC

528. Roberto L Arellano, Director, Latin America & Caribbean Regional, U.S. Agency for International Development

529. Carol Wise, Professor of International Relations, University of Southern California

530. Daniel Rojas Navarrete, Profesor -Investigador, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro

531. Romeo Pérez Antón, Catedrático jubilado de Ciencia Política, Universidad de la República, Uruguay

532. Jocelyn Viterna, Professor of Sociology Harvard, University

533. Becki Cohn-Vargas, Scholar and author, Independent

534. Matei Chihaia, Profesor de literatura, Bergische Universität Wuppertal

535. Adolfo Garcé, Professor, Instituto de Ciencia Política

536. Maya Collombon, Profesora investigadora, Sciences Po Lyon, Francia

537. Grettel Navas, Researcher, Autonomous University of Barcelona

538. Celso Sánchez, Profesor, GEASur

539. Zara Abud, Doctorante en ciencias políticas, Universidad Lyon 2

540. Lucrecia Wagner, Investigadora, CONICET

541. Holly Eva Ryan, Senior Lecturer, Queen Mary University of London

542. Facundo Rojas, Researcher-Professor, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo/CONICET

543. Benjamín Cuéllar Martínez, Columnista y Fundador, Víctimas Demandantes (VIDAS)

544. David A. Crocker, Research Professor Emeritus, School of Public Policy, University of Maryland

545. Manuel Willington, PhD in Economics, Universidad del Desarrollo

546. David E. Lewis, Vice President, Manchester Trade Limited Inc.

547. Socorro Soberón, Maestra, Escuela Nacional de Lenguas, Lingüística y Traducción, UNAM

548. Claudia Vega, PhD Student, Arizona State University

549. Facundo García Valverde, Profesor, CONICET

550. Eduardo Fernández Luiña, Jefe de Estudios y responsable del Área Internacional, Fundación Disenso

551. Geoff Thale, President, WOLA

552. Juan Pablo Scarfi, Profesor e Investigador, CONICET - Universidad de San Andrés

553. Horacio Sivori, antrópologo e profesor, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro

554. Marco Aurelio Maximo Prado, Professor, Federal University of Minas Gerais/Brasil

555. Gabriela Arguedas Ramírez, Profesora e investigadora, Universidad de Costa Rica.

556. Margaret Randall, Professor (retired), Trinity College (Hartford, CT)

557. Simón Pachano, Politólogo, FLACSO

558. Ryan C. Berg, Senior Fellow, Center for Strategic & International Studies

559. Miguel Ángel Castañeda, Ph.D. Candidate, UCSD

560. Marcos Ancelovici, Professor of Sociology, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)

561. Edwin Obando Hernandez, Researcher and geophysicist, Deltares, The Netherlands.

562. Sara Torres Raisbeck, Research Assistant, Wilson Center and Researcher, Control Risks

563. Secundino Gonzalez, Profesor de Ciencia Política, Universidad Complutense de Madrid

564. Donna Vukelich-Selva, Associate Professor, Education and Ethnic Studies, Edgewood College

565. Mercedes García Montero, Profesora Ciencia Política, Universidad de Salamanca

566. Sanne Weber, Research Fellow, University of Birmingham

567. Karin Rohlin, Former Development Cooperation Official, SIDA, Sweden

568. Christiane Berth, Professor, University of Graz

569. Fabrice Andreani, Doctorant et chargé de cours en science politique, Université Lumière Lyon 2 (Triangle)

570. Barbara Hogenboom, Professor of Latin American Studies, University of Amsterdam

571. Carolina Valladares, PhD researcher, CEDLA, University of Amsterdam

572. Scott Long, Human Rights Researcher, Independent

573. Daniela Slipak, Investigadora y Profesora Adjunta, Conicet/IDAES/UNSAM

574. Erin Sabato, Director of International Service & Learning, Quinnipiac University

575. Anne Turid Hagene, Profesora emerita, Oslo Metropolitan University

576. Lizzy Raisbeck, Fundadora, Ancestral Studio

577. Pedro Caldentey del Pozo, Director, Departamento de Economía, Universidad Loyola Andalucía

578. Peggy Chamorro, Educadora popular, Colectiva por el Derecho a Decidir, Costa Rica

579. Paola Uccelli, Professor, Harvard Graduate School of Education

580. Ciska Raventos Vorst, Catedrática jubilada, Universidad de Costa Rica

581. Orçun Selçuk, Visiting Assistant Professor of Political Science, Luther College

582. Peter Levine, Professor and Associate Dean, Tisch College, Tufts University

583. Gabriela Távara Vásquez, Profesora, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú

584. Jussi Pakkasvirta, Professor of Area and Cultural Studies, University of Helsinki

585. Gerardo Caetano, Historiador y Docente Grado 5, Universidad de la República (UDELAR), Montevideo

586. Monica Dias Martins, Professora, Universidade Estadual do Ceará

587. Randall Chaves Zamora, Profesor de Historia, Universidad de Costa Rica

588. Ligia Urroz Argüello, Escritora, Independiente

589. Dolores Trevizo, Professor, Occidental College

590. Jeffery R. Webber, Associate Professor, Department of Politics, York University, Toronto

591. Magali Folch, Investigador, UNAM

592. James Naylor Green, Professor of Latin American History, Brown University

593. William Lee, Investigador, UNAM

594. Robert Neustadt, Professor of Spanish and Director of Latin American Studies, Northern Arizona University

595. Madeline Gottlieb, Assistant Professor, Colorado State University

596. Linda Farthing, Writer, Independent

597. Mayo Toruño, Professor Emeritus, California State University San Bernardino

598. Daniel Richards, Podcast Producer, Brown University

599. Thomas Passananti, Professor of History, San Diego State University

600. Jonathan D. Katz, Associate Professor of Practice, History of Art, Interim Director, Gender, Sexuality and Women's Studies Program, University of Pennsylvania

601. Sylvia Sellers-García, Professor of History, Boston College

602. Claudia Valeggia, Profesora, Yale University

603. Maria Lourdes Pallais, Periodista y Colaboradora del Diario El Pais

604. Carlos Pareja, Profesor libre, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de la República

605. George Stuart Leddy, Associate Managing Editor, Latin American Perspectives

606. Timothy F. Harding, Professor, History and Latin American Studies, Emeritus, California State University, Los Angeles

607. June Carolyn Erlick, Editor-in-chief, ReVista, the Harvard Review of Latin America, Harvard University

608. Diana Murtaugh Coleman, Lecturer, Northern Arizona University

609. Erika Bárcena Arévalo, Investigadora, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas - UNAM

610. Marco Cabrera Geserick, Assistant Professor, Gustavus Adolphus College

611. Axel Gómez Gutiérrez, Abogado, Grupo de Estudio sobre Centroamérica - Universidad de Buenos Aires

612. Michael L. Dougherty, Professor, Illinois State University

613. Lance Ingwersen, Assistant Professor of History, Jacksonville State University

614. Fernanda Lavin Robles, Estudiante de doctorado, UNAM

615. Marco Antonio Sandoval Mercado, Estudiante doctoral, UNAM

616. Gracia Silva, Investigadora, Independiente

617. Arturo Taracena Arriola, Doctor en Historia y Investigador, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

618. Julieta Rostica, Investigadora adjunta, UBA-CONICET

619. Rosa Torras, Investigadora, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

620. Carlos Geovanni Mendoza Rivas, Etnohistoriador, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia

621. Zingonia Zingone, Writer, Independent

622. Yosahandi Navarrete, Profesora, UNAM

623. Zoila Ponce de León, Assistant Professor of Politics, Washington and Lee University

624. Daptnhe Cuevas, Integrante, Equidad de Género, Ciudadanía, Trabajo y Familia AC

625. Jeffrey L. Gould, Distinguished Professor of History, Indiana University

626. Atahualpa García Ibarra, Maestro en estudios interamericanos, Universidad de Bielefeld

627. Edgar Baltazar Landeros, Director, ILEPAZ México

628. Rhonda Neugebauer, Distinguished Latin American Studies Librarian, Emeritus, University of California, Riverside

629. Eric Hershberg, Director, Center for Latin American and Latino Studies, American University

630. Holly Jackson, Assistant Professor, Northern Arizona University

631. Ivan C Montecinos, Periodista, Independiente

632. João Vitor da Silva, Professor Assistente, Universidade Estadual de Campinas

633. Bruna Andrade Irineu, Profesora y Investigadora, UFMT, Brasil

634. Edna Maria Santos Roland, Experta Eminente Independiente, Organización de las Naciones Unidas

635. Tiago Genoveze, Program Manager, David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies, Harvard University

636. Grethy Rebeca Manzanares Garmendia, Maestrante/ Investigadora social independiente, IINSO

637. Marcia Baraona Cockrell, Pensionada del Magisterio de Costa Rica, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica

638. Alejandro Katz, Editor y Profesor, Universidad de Buenos Aires

639. Carolyn Forché, Professor, Georgetown University

640. Lauri Cristina García Dueñas, Escritora, Independiente

641. Ruben Chababo, Docente, Universidad Nacional de Rosario

642. Gustavo Meoño Brenner, Defensor de Derechos Humanos y Coordinador del Área de Memoria y Derechos Humanos de la Fundación para la Democracia de Rosario (Argentina)

643. Dolores Figueroa Romero, Profesora e investigadora, Centro de Investigacion y Estudios Avanzados en Antropología Social (CIESAS)

644. Maria Olga Ruiz, Historiadora, Universidad de La Frontera

645. Patricia Cuaranta, Escritora, actriz tallerista y Docente, Facultad de Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (Argentina)

646. Carlos Reboratti, Geografo (jubilado), UBA y CONICET

647. Hilda Sabato, Historiadora, CONICET/UBA

648. Patricia Tappatá Valdez , Profesora de la Facultad de Derecho, Universidad de Buenos Aires

649. Hugo Vezzetti, Profesor Titular Consulto, Universidad de Buenos Aires

650. Gerardo Sánchez Nateras, Investigador, Independiente

651. Alejandro Vila, Docente de la Facultad de Humanidades y Artes, UNR (Argentina)

652. Sergio Bufano, Periodista, Independiente

653. Egle Edith Frattoni Romano, Escritora, Independiente

654. Cristián Mallol, Profesor Titular de Matemática, Universidad de La Frontera

655. Emilio de Ipola, Profesor Emérito de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires

656. Susana Rozas, Profesora de Literatura, Universidad Nacional de Rosario

657. Maria Lanese, Psicologa y Poeta, Ministerio de Cultura, Argentina

658. Celso Castilho, Associate Professor of History, Vanderbilt University

659. Elizabeth Cohn, Professor, School of International Service, American University

660. Mario Bronfman, Consultor, Fundación Ford

661.Hugo Martínez, Estudiante doctoral en Historia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

662. Claudia Hilb, Profesora-investigadora, UBA-Conicet, Argentina

663. Luis Benjamín Cornejo, Consultor, Independiente

664. Ricardo Brodsky, Director, Museo Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna, Chile

665. Steven S. Volk, Professor of History Emeritus, Oberlin College

666. Robert Jansen, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Michigan

667. Peter Soland, Assistant Professor of Latin American History, Southeast Missouri State University

668. Lilia García Torres, Doctorante, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

669. Catherine Tracy Goode, Independent Scholar, Independent

670. María Silvia Guillen, Abogada, Ex integrante de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH)

671. Maria Cecilia Micetich, Profesora nivel Secundario y Superior, Universidad Nacional de Rosario

672. Clyde Soto Badaui, Investigadora, Centro de Documentación y Estudios (CDE), Paraguay

673. Lorenzo Estepa Mohedano, Investigador, ETEA Instituto de Desarrollo, Universidad Loyola Andalucía

674. José Juan Romero Rodríguez, Profesor emerito, Universidad Loyola Andalucía

675. Jussi Pakkasvirta, Professor of Area and Cultural Studies, University of Helsinki

676. Nimah Mazaheri, Associate Professor, Tufts University

677. Anna Ayuso Pozo, Profesora asociada, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona

678. Pirjo Mikkonen-Joublanc, Escritora y Periodista, Independiente

679. Oscar Sarlo, Profesor de Derecho, Universidad de la República

680. Natalia Cuadra Dumke, Spanish Lecturer, Mount Allison University

681. Jonathan Fox, Professor, School of International Service, American University

682. Rosalva Aida Hernandez Castillo, Profesora-Investigadora Titular, CIESAS-Mexico

683. Séverine Durin, Profesora - investigadora, CIESAS

684. Marisa Ruiz, Profesora jubilada , CEIL, UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay

685. Askold Melnyczuk, Writer/Professor of English, University of Massachusetts Boston

686. Carolina Robledo Silvestre, Investigadora, CIESAS, Ciudad de México

687. Lucy Garrido, Editora, Cotidiano Mujer / AFM

688. Corinna Zeltsman, Assistant Professor of History, Georgia Southern University

689. Gillian McGillivray, Associate Professor, Glendon College, York University

690. Elizabeth O'Brien, Assistant Professor, Johns Hopkins University

691. Idalia Morejón Arnaiz, Professora / Investigadora, Universidade de São Paulo

692. Santiago Bastos, Profesor / Investigador, CIESAS

693. Alder Soto Olivero, Pesquisador, Universidade de São Paulo

694. Briseida Milián Lemus, Socia fundadora, Instituto 25A

695. Ariel Denkberg, Profesor, Universidad de Buenos Aires

696. Adrián Gorelik, Historiador, Conicet / Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Argentina

697. Marcelo Cavarozzi, Investigador Principal, CONICET, Argentina

698. Gonzalo Hernández, Investigador, ITESO

699. Carter A. Hunt, Associate Professor, The Pennsylvania State University

700. Gerardo Renique, Associate Professor Emeritus, City University of New York

701. Silvia Romano, Profesora Emérita y Historiadora, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina

702. Ángeles López, Profesora Investigadora Titular, CIESAS (México)

703. César Tcach, Investigador Principal, Conicet-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba

704. Fernando I. Salmerón Castro, Profesor Investigador, CIESAS

705. Jose De la Cerda Gastelum, Dean, ITESO

706. Simon Granovsky-Larsen, Associate Professor of Politics and International Studies, University of Regina

707. José Luis Mariño, Investigador independiente, Revista En el volcán insurgente (México)

708. Juan Carlos Korol, Historiador, Universidad de Buenos Aires

709. Francisco Bustos, Académico, Facultad de Derecho, Universidad de Chile

710. Silvana Ablin, Profesora Adjunta de Historia Latinoamericana, UBA

711. Patricia Fortuny Loret de Mola, Profesora/Investigadora en Antropología, CIESAS México

712. Marcelo Saguier, Profesor e investigador, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de San Martin, Argentina

713. Alejandro Martínez Canales, Profesor Investigador, CIESAS

714. Carmen Coury, Assistant Professor of Latin American History, Southern Connecticut State University

715. Bill Bollinger, Lecturer, California State University, Los Angeles

716. Shannan L. Mattiace, Professor of Political Science, Allegheny College

717. Tamara Fuster Baraona, Professor, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica

718. Emilia Velázquez, Profesora investigadora, CIESAS (México)

719. Carlos Fernando López de la Torre, Docente e investigador, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

720. Efrén Sandoval Hernández, Profesor investigador, CIESAS

721. Patricia Arroyo Calderón, Assistant Professor, UCLA

722. Marcela Ternavasio, Profesora e Investigadora, Universidad Nacional de Rosario- CONICET

723. Judith Adler Hellman, Professor Emerita and Senior Scholar, York University, Toronto

724. María Teresa Sierra, Profesora-Investigadora Titular, CIESAS

725. Leonardo Rodríguez Hernández, Doctorando, Universidad de São Paulo

726. Elæ Moss, Adjunct Professor, Pratt Institute; Creative Director & Founder, The Operating System & Liminal Lab

727. Marco Aurelio Maximo Prado, Professor, Federal University of Minas Gerais/Brasil

728. Alethia Fernández de la Reguera, Investigadora, UNAM

729. Alfredo Saad Filho, Professor of Political Economy and International Development, King's College London

730. Liliana Cordero Marines, Investigadora, UNAM

731. Jacqueline Pitanguy, Socióloga, CEPIA (Brasil)

732. Denia Roman Solano, Profesora y Antropologa, Universidad de Costa Rica

733. Juan Pedro Viqueira, Historiador, El Colegio de México

734. Heather Vrana, Associate Professor of History, University of Florida

735. Roberto Russell, Presidente de la Fundación Vidanta y Profesor en la Universidad Di Tella

736. Fernando A. Blanco, Director of the Latin American Studies Program, Bucknell University

737. Berna Llanos, Professor, Brooklyn College, CUNY

738. Carolina Bank Muñoz, Professor, Brooklyn College and CUNY Graduate Center

739. Marina Bedran, Assistant Professor of Lusophone Studies, Johns Hopkins University

740. David Roas, Profesor, Bucknell University

741. Anne-Emanuelle Birn, Professor, University of Toronto

742. Adam Burgos, Assistant Professor, Bucknell University

743. Peggy Healy, Advisory Board Member, Feerick Center for Social Justice, Fordham University School of Law

744. Anna Heikkinen, Doctoral Researcher in Global Development Studies, University of Helsinki

745. Cynthia McClintock, Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, George Washington University

746. Gerardo Otero, Professor of International Studies, Simon Fraser University

747. Leticia Eva Tolosa, Profesora Titular, Universidad Católica de Córdoba

748. Ruth Zurbriggen, Profesora, Activista e Investigadora, Asociación Civil Colectiva Feminista La Revuelta

749. Gilles Bataillon, Directeur D'Études, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales

750. Lois Wessel, Assistant Professor of Nursing and Health Studies, Georgetown University

751. Manuel Delgado, Professor Emeritus, Bucknell University

752. Millie Thayer, Associate Professor, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

753. Jose Lobo, Clinical Associate Professor, School of Sustainability, Arizona State University

754. Jeffrey W. Rubin, Associate Professor of History, Boston University

755. Daniel E Moreno Morales, Senior Researcher, CIUDADANÍA, Comunidad de Estudios Sociales y Acción Pública

756. Montserrat Rueda Becerril, Lecturer, University of British Columbia

757. Rauzy Marie-Luce, Éditrice, EHESS

758. Nicolas Ellison, Associate Professor, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales

759. Ricardo Gomez, Associate Professor, University of Washington

760. Josefina Saldaña-Portillo, Professor, New York University

761. Fiore Bran Aragón, Asistente graduada, University of New Mexico

762. Andrés Zambrano, Sociólogo y Doctorando en Estudios Políticos, EHESS

763. Paula Alonso, Associate Professor, The George Washington University

764. Kathleen Coll, Associate Professor, University of San Francisco

765. Hugo Quiroga, Investigador, Universidad Nacional de Rosario y Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina

766. Elisabeth Jay Friedman, Professor, University of San Francisco

767. Gerardo Villadelángel Vinas, Ensayista y editor, La Jaula Abierta, México

768. Graciela Foglia, Docente / Investigadora, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Brasil

769. Doreley Carolina Coll, Professor, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada

770. Roberto G. Varea, Professor, University of San Francisco

771. Michele Wucker, Author, Independent

772. Henry F. (Chip) Carey, Associate Professor of Political Science, Georgia State University

773. Julia Alvarez, Writer-in-Residence Emerita, Middlebury College

774. Ilona Szabó, Co-founder and Executive Director, Instituto Igarapé

775. Natalia Armijo Canto, Profesora Investigadora, Universidad de Quintana Roo

776. Gabriel Negretto, Profesor, Instituto de Ciencia Política, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

777. Sara McElmurry, Researcher & Consultant, Independent

778. Jere Richard Behrman, Professor, University of Pennsylvania

779. Lori Keleher, Professor, New Mexico State University

780. Megan Jeanette Myers, Associate Professor of Spanish, Iowa State University

781. Dorinda Moreno, Professor (retired), Archivista, Editor and Publisher, Fuerza Mundial Global, Mujeres de las Americas

782. Kate Pravera, Academic researcher (retired), Independent

783. Erina Duganne, Professor of Art History, Texas State University

784. Andrew Gorvetzian, Graduate student, University of New Mexico and former employee of the Universidad Centroamericana

785. Lisa Marie Ruiz, Director of Equity and Inclusion, Ventura College

786. Oscar Chacón, Executive Director, Alianza Americas

787. Carme Clavel Arcas, Investigadora y Consultora en Salud Publica, Independiente

788. Lucía Suárez, Associate Professor and Director of Latinx Studies, Iowa State University

789. Suzanne M. Baker, Anthropologist and Lecturer, Public Health, Wayne State University

790. Patricia Suriel, Executive Director, Mariposa DR Foundation

791. Elise Cox, Writer, Independent

792. Jon Erickson, Professor, University of Vermont

793. Barbara Fischkin, Author and Journalist, Independent

794. Lariza Dugan Cuadra, Directora Ejecutiva, Central American Resource Center—CARECEN of Northern California

795. Marco Perez Navarrete, Political Analyst and Academic Researcher, Heinrich Böll Stiftung

796. Luis A. Villanueva, Officer, Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project

797. Manuel Molano, Chief Economist, Instituto Mexicano para la Competitividad AC

798. Matt Nelson, Executive Director, Presente.org

799. Juan Rodriguez, Anthropologist and Founder, Dialogo en La Isla

800. John Hammond, Professor, CUNY

801. Joan Rea, Professor Emerita of Hispanic Studies, Rice University

Signatures as of 16:00 Pacific Time, July 26. Signatories are representing themselves. Affiliations are included for identification. / Firmas a las 16:00, hora de California, 26 de julio. Los firmantes se representan a sí mismos. Las afiliaciones están incluidas con fines de identificación.