I'm learning Python and pandas and I very often end up with long chains of method calls. I know how to break lists and chains of operators in a way that compiles, but I can't find a way to break method chains in a way that doesn't feel like cheating.

The first scenario is to feature them in the Black Panther sequel. Wakanda has an impending attack by the forces of Atlantis and reanimated slave traders who died along the journey to America the forces of Wakanda look to the ancestral plane for guidance.


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If following long chains of reasoning really is a core skill of science, necessary for understanding everything from the photoelectric effect to global warming, and I think it is, how can I help kids to build this skill?

This concept map is similar to your links, but it presents all possibilities at once. I have not made students be explicit about their chains of reasoning, but now I might. To me, that is more important (and what I want to see) than a numerical answer.

I love doing concept maps, and my kids love them as well. I need to look up some resources on how to do them a bit better. I see these chains as slightly different, since they are specific to one problem explanation, which makes me think the two ideas in concert could be very powerful.

Zhang, who is also a chancellor professor of physics at the College of William and Mary, co-led the research with Mario Motta of IBM Quantum. Motta serves as first author of the paper alongside Claudio Genovese of the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) in Italy, Fengjie Ma of Beijing Normal University, Zhi-Hao Cui of the California Institute of Technology, and Randy Sawaya of the University of California, Irvine. Additional co-authors include CCQ co-director Andrew Millis, CCQ Flatiron Research Fellow Hao Shi and CCQ research scientist Miles Stoudenmire.

The Frame is constructed exactly to MakerMade instructions and has the electrics already in stalled on the frame, along with additional power sockets and Kill switch. The vacuum and Laptop shown in the pictures, are not included.

One of my favorite things about the Modular Collection is that you can connect different pieces together to have even more options. Like this long silver necklace, which is really the original Modular Necklace No. 1 connected to the new Midi Modular Necklace No. 1.

Variants (also called mutations) in the ACADVL gene cause VLCAD deficiency. This gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, which is required to break down (metabolize) a group of fats called very long-chain fatty acids. These fatty acids are found in foods and the body's fat tissues. Fatty acids are a major source of energy for the heart and muscles. During periods of fasting, fatty acids are also an important energy source for the liver and other tissues.

Variants in the ACADVL gene lead to a shortage (deficiency) of the VLCAD enzyme within cells. When cells do not have enough of this enzyme, very long-chain fatty acids are not broken down properly. As a result, these fats are not converted to energy, which can lead to signs and symptoms of the disorder such as lethargy and hypoglycemia. Very long-chain fatty acids or partially metabolized fatty acids may also build up in tissues and damage the heart, liver, and muscles. This abnormal buildup causes the other signs and symptoms of VLCAD deficiency.

Short-chain per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have replaced long-chains in many applications, however the toxicity and its mode of action and interactions due to the large number of these compounds and their mixtures is still poorly understood. The paper aims to compare the effects on mouse liver organoids (target organ for bioaccumulation) of two long-chain PFAS (perfluorooctane sulfonate -PFOS-, perfluorooctanoic acid -PFOA) and two short-chain PFAS commonly utilized in the industry (heptafluorobutyric acid -HFBA-, Pentafluoropropionic anhydride-PFPA) to identify the mode of action of these classes of contaminants. Cytomorphological aberrations and ALT/GDH enzyme disruption were identified but no acute toxicity endpoint neither apoptosis was detected by the two tested short-chain PFAS. After cytomorphological analysis, it is evident that short-chain PFAS affected organoid morphology inducing a reduction of cytostructural complexity and aberrant cytological features. Conversely, EC50 values of 670  30 M and 895  7 M were measured for PFOS and PFOA, respectively, together with strong ALT/GDH enzyme disruption, caspase 3 and 7 apoptosis activation and deep loss of architectural complexity of organoids in the range of 500-1000 M. Eventually, biochemical markers and histology analysis confirmed the sensitivity of organoid tests that could be used as a fast and reproducible platform to test many PFAS and mixtures saving time and at low cost in comparison with in vivo tests. Organoids testing could be introduced as an innovative platform to assess the toxicity to fast recognize potentially dangerous pollutants.

There are two main types of PSC configurations: regular (n-i-p) and inverted (p-i-n), where n, p, and i refer to layers of n-type, p-type, and intrinsic semiconductors. Regular-structure devices have the highest efficiencies, but they incorporate unstable ionic dopants that cause their performance to degrade significantly over time. Inverted devices retain their performance for much longer periods, but their PCEs lag significantly (20.9% vs 25.2%).

Grazing-incidence wide-angle x-ray scattering (GIWAXS) at ALS Beamline 7.3.3 was used to probe the surface of the resulting perovskite thin films. Analysis of the data confirmed that the additive promoted (100) grain orientation, with long chains performing better than short chains.

I am having some trouble understanding the point of having multiple chains in Stan. According to this link here: Multithreading comes to Stan which I got from this thread: Hardware Advice, I got the idea that multi-chain sampling was used for faster convergence and that using more than 4 chains does not yield any significant performance gain.

However, from this post: Multicore Speedups are different between models - #8 by betanalpha, it is stated that mutliple chains are used for comparison with R-hat to see if there are divergences among chains to figure out the validity of the chains and decide if the sampler can handle a given model.

The first link you provide is mostly about multithreading within chains, where you are using multithreaded processing within a single chain. This is a way to speed up the evaluation of individual chains, but is separate from the process of running multiple chains. In particular, the graph in the post is about the number of threads per chain, showing a plateau when the author runs 4 threads per chain for 4 chains; which is rightfully explains as plateauing since his computer has 16 cores.

At the same time the error quantification allowed by a central limit theorem allows us to combine Markov chain Monte Carlo estimators derived from separate Markov chains. Provided that each Markov chain is sufficiently well-behaved then combining the estimators from C chains will decrease the estimator error by a factor of \sqrt{C}.

For example if the Markov chains are too short then we also have to account for an initialization bias. This can be avoided by discarding the initial states from each Markov chain at the cost of some computational overhead. The resulting overhead, however, will be much smaller in the one long Markov chain scenario than in the many smaller Markov chains scenario. For example if we have to discard the first W states then the overhead for the long chain will be W / N while the overhead for the ensemble of shorter chains will be C \cdot W / N. In other words the one long Markov chain will be more performant. The overhead becomes even more considerable when we have to take into account adaptation of the Markov transition.

Synthetic methods are generally divided into two categories, step-growth polymerization and chain polymerization.[18] The essential difference between the two is that in chain polymerization, monomers are added to the chain one at a time only,[19] such as in polystyrene, whereas in step-growth polymerization chains of monomers may combine with one another directly,[20] such as in polyester. Step-growth polymerization can be divided into polycondensation, in which low-molar-mass by-product is formed in every reaction step, and polyaddition.

The microstructure of a polymer (sometimes called configuration) relates to the physical arrangement of monomer residues along the backbone of the chain.[25] These are the elements of polymer structure that require the breaking of a covalent bond in order to change. Various polymer structures can be produced depending on the monomers and reaction conditions: A polymer may consist of linear macromolecules containing each only one unbranched chain. In the case of unbranched polyethylene, this chain is a long-chain n-alkane. There are also branched macromolecules with a main chain and side chains, in the case of polyethylene the side chains would be alkyl groups. In particular unbranched macromolecules can be in the solid state semi-crystalline, crystalline chain sections highlighted red in the figure below.

While branched and unbranched polymers are usually thermoplastics, many elastomers have a wide-meshed cross-linking between the "main chains". Close-meshed crosslinking, on the other hand, leads to thermosets. Cross-links and branches are shown as red dots in the figures. Highly branched polymers are amorphous and the molecules in the solid interact randomly.

An important microstructural feature of a polymer is its architecture and shape, which relates to the way branch points lead to a deviation from a simple linear chain.[26] A branched polymer molecule is composed of a main chain with one or more substituent side chains or branches. Types of branched polymers include star polymers, comb polymers, polymer brushes, dendronized polymers, ladder polymers, and dendrimers.[26] There exist also two-dimensional polymers (2DP) which are composed of topologically planar repeat units. A polymer's architecture affects many of its physical properties including solution viscosity, melt viscosity, solubility in various solvents, glass-transition temperature and the size of individual polymer coils in solution. A variety of techniques may be employed for the synthesis of a polymeric material with a range of architectures, for example living polymerization. 17dc91bb1f

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