present there was an association of another variable being present. Values represent a weak (0.3-0.5), moderate (0.5-0.7) and strong positive correlation (0.7-1.0). Interpreting the results of the statistical analysis The correlation between gross and microscopic observations suggested that those two observations occurred together but did not necessarily suggest any causative relationship between them. The clinically or diagnostically important correlations can do two things: assist an examiner in identifying likely microscopic observations that would be present if the gross characteristic is observed and support the current theories in the field of pathology that those gross and microscopic findings are related to each other. The correlations that were determined as having diagnostic or clinical importance are seen in Table 3. The justification for their inclusion into the pathology guide is discussed below. There was a positive correlation between red splotches on the surface of the kidney and acute tubular necrosis (Figure 1). Acute tubular necrosis, which is one of the main factors present in acute kidney injury, is a condition that commonly results from either severe hypo-perfusion of the kidneys or exposure of the tubules to toxic elements (Kumar et al. 2014). The tubular epithelium of the kidney is particularly sensitive to ischemia and toxins, and the acute damage that ensues as a result of this exposure causes severe renal dysfunction. Clinically, the dysfunction can progress to acute kidney injury that may be fatal if not treated aggressively (Bellomo et al. 2012). Red splotches on the surface and inner parenchyma of the kidney were also correlated with another condition, arteriolosclerosis. Both acute tubular necrosis and arteriolosclerosis are conditions that probably involve a disruption in the normal renal blood flow. The impaired circulation of the kidney may inhibit the distribution of embalming fluid during the embalming process. The artifacts (red splotches) did not histologically resemble any pathology, although 60% of the kidneys that were poorly preserved had these red discolored regions. Therefore, the red discolorations probably are a sign that the kidney had impaired blood flow. The statistical correlation of the red discolorations with two diseases that involve impaired circulation as a mechanism of the disease development may nonspecifically highlight the kidney’s circulatory dysfunction. Figure 1. Acute Tubular Necrosis. The histologic presentation of acute tubular necrosis with desquamation of epithelial cells into the tubular lumen. Primary Kidney Correlations Gross observation Histologic observation phi coefficient Bright red inner (soft) Acute tubular necrosis rφ = .358) Dilated pelvis Chronic pyelonephritis rφ = .696) Fine granularity of surface Arteriolosclerosis rφ = .437) - Glomerulosclerosis rφ = .437) Hard lesions Metastatic carcinoma rφ = .696) Pale surface Metastatic carcinoma rφ = .697) Pitted surface Metastatic carcinoma rφ = .537) Nodular glomerulosclerosis rφ = .325) Red splotches inner and outer Arteriolosclerosis rφ = .367) Red splotches on surface Acute tubular necrosis (AKI) rφ = .375) continued on next page A New Resource for Integrated Anatomy Teaching: The Cadaver’s Kidney PG (Pathology Guide) 35 • HAPS Educator Journal of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society December 2017 Winter Edition The observation that the kidney surface was deeply pitted and distorted was positively correlated with both nodular glomerulosclerosis, and metastatic carcinoma. It is well documented that the surface of the kidney can be an indicator of renal disease (Kumar et al. 2014). In many diseases of the kidney, the normal smoothness of the cortical surface is replaced with scars that give the kidney an irregular contour. Nodular glomerulosclerosis, which is a specific sign of diabetic nephropathy, tumors and chronic pyelonephritis cause chronic injury to the kidney’s architecture that can result in diffuse scarring. In addition, tumor growth is highly irregular and can cause distortion of the kidney’s overall shape. A pale surface was positively correlated with metastatic carcinoma (Figure 2). Due to the small sample size in our population, the only tumors that were present were metastatic carcinoma. Disruption of the normal renal blood flow as a result of the tumor most likely resulted in the pale-appearing cortical surface. This paleness is most likely non-specific to the fact that the tumors were metastatic, because a primary renal cell carcinoma would most likely also cause blood flow disruption. Figure 2. Pale cortical surface of the kidney. The pale cortical discoloration of a kidney with metastatic cancerous lesions. In addition to the pale surface, the presence of the renal tumor was also positively correlated with hard lesions in the parenchyma. As in other organs, neoplasms of the kidney are usually hard lesions due to the density of the tissue. This characteristic was present in both of the kidneys where tumors were present, but was not observed in any other kidney. Therefore, hard lesions are most likely a dependable marker for the presence of tumor. A dilated renal pelvis was positively correlated with the presence of chronic pyelonephritis (Figure 3). Chronic pyelonephritis is a disease of the renal interstitium that involves chronic inflammation and fibrosis (Kumar et al. 2014). Of the renal interstitial diseases, chronic pyelonephritis is the only