improved communication and training. The obstetric service also was enriched by creating a group of designated house officers, by placing a nurse midwife in charge of the Obstetric Outpatient Division, and by initiating the ObstetricGynecologist Nurse Practitioner Program.19 At the same time, prenatal care was becoming more individualized with flow charts for each patient.20 In general, the residency program worked harmoniously with several affiliated hospitals. Live births were on the rise as were neonatal services, and the Department had founded a fertility clinic.21 As he reached one decade of leadership, Willson was particularly proud of the special services the Department had 16. Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Annual Report, July 1, 1968-June 30, 1969, Willson Papers, Box 3, BHL, UM. 17. Kenneth M. Ludmerer, Time to Heal: American Medical Education from the Turn of the Century to the Era of Managed Care (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 226. 18. Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Annual Report, July 1, 1969-June 30, 1970, Willson Papers, Box 3, BHL, UM. 19. Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1975 Annual Report , Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UMMS, Willson Papers, Box 3, BHL, UM. 20. Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Annual Report, July 1, 1969-June 30, 1970, Willson Papers, Box 3, BHL, UM. 21. Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Annual Report, July 1, 1969-June 30, 1970, Willson Papers, Box 3, BHL, UM. 38 Obstetrics and Gynecology built in gynecologic oncology, reproductive endocrinology, infertility, and general gynecology. 22 Under the superb leadership of George Morley, the Department developed into a gynecologic oncology powerhouse. Morley had already established a stellar reputation by advancing techniques for benign conditions such as vaginal agenesis and vaginal prolapse.23 In the 1960s, he gravitated more towards oncology, guiding the Department towards more sophisticated diagnoses, the use of new imaging techniques, and the administration of chemotherapy, all of which had developed in leaps and bounds after World War II.24 Under Morley, Gynecology Oncology saw 241 patients during the 1967-1968 year; in 1970, the number of patients had risen to 258, the majority with cervical cancer (134), followed by endometrial cancer (51), and 30 with ovarian cancer. 25 By this time, chemotherapy had been incorporated into the trio of treatment options (complimenting radiation therapy and radical surgery) although it was reserved for patients with “persistent, recurrent, or far advanced gynecologic malignancies” and for those “ineligible for conventional cancer therapy.” 26 In 1972, the Department established the Division of Gynecology Oncology, two years after the creation of a pioneering two-year Gynecologic Oncology Fellowship set up by Morley. 27 High Risk Obstetrics was also advancing at an excellent pace in the Department with the opening of the Holden Perinatal Unit in November 1972.28 This unit’s purpose was to “provide 22. Willson to Dean John A. Gronvall, July 6, 1978, Willson Papers, Box 2, BHL, UM. 23. Interview with George Morley, conducted by Christine Bass, July 18, 2002 and September 12, 2002. Center for the History of Medicine, Oral History Collection, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan. 24. Vincent T. DeVita and Edward Chu, “A History of Cancer Chemotherapy,” Cancer Research 68, no. 21 (November 1, 2008): 8643–53, doi:10.1158/ 0008-5472.CAN-07-6611. Siddhartha Mukherjee, The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer (Simon and Schuster, 2010). 25. Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Annual Report, 1967-1968, Willson Papers, Box 3, BHL, UM; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Annual Report, July 1, 1970-June 30, 1971, Willson Papers, Box 3, BHL, UM. 26. Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Annual Report, July 1, 1970-June 30, 1971, Willson Papers, Box 3, BHL, UM. 27. Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Annual Report, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, July 1, 1982-June 30, 1983 (obtained from ObGyn). 28. Willson to Dean John A. Gronvall, August 12, 1974, Willson Papers, Box 3, BHL, UM. Obstetrics and Gynecology (2016) 39 much needed facilities for the care of high-risk obstetric patients and their babies and for laboratory research in the general field of perinatal problems.” 29 Key faculty included Bruce Work, Jan Schneider and George Nolan, who functioned as the first perinatologists. Criteria for admittance included fetal distress, induction for diabetes, hypertensive disease, erythoblastosis or premature rupture of membranes, as well as severe hypertensive disease as well as premature labor, among others.30 The Holden Perinatal Unit cared for 24 patients in the first month, the vast majority undergoing C-sections, and increased its capacity by the following year, counting 291 patient visits in 1973.31 In tandem with the development of high risk obstetrics, the Department launched the Antenatal Diagnostic Unit which drew faculty expertise from Obstetrics and Gynecology as well sister Departments Human Genetics and Pediatrics. This unit was the forefront of prenatal diagnostic research, participating in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development study and registry that examined and confirmed the safety and accuracy of