sci ☐ biotechnology ☐ environmental science ☐ ___________ Time Required - Be careful to describe in minutes – stay away from the words, “periods or blocks”. Approximately 120 - 150 minutes Introduction/Background Where in the semester is this case best suited, and what type of background do the students have when they encounter the case? Designer Babies is about the ethics of Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD), a reproductive technology that is readily available and in use today. The activity requires students to have a basic understanding of DNA, genes, chromosomes, meiosis, and basic heredity principles. An understanding of the concepts of fertilization, zygote, and embryo would also be helpful. Objectives of the Case List exactly what the students should know and be able to do after they have finished the case that they didn’t know and couldn’t do before they went through the case. Designer Babies is designed to help students develop two skills: 1) Students will evaluate documents critically. As they analyze the documents that accompany the activity, they will ask themselves questions such as - How reliable is the source of this information? Does the author have any biases that must be taken into consideration? Is the information presented relative to the issue at hand? 2) Students will make a claim stating a personal stance/decision and support this decision with at least two reasons based on information derived from the documents. Major Issues – Identify the major issues in the case that the students should analyze. Indicate which issues you think will (should) come up and what information you expect students to extract from each document. The question underlying the activity is this - For which purposes is Pre-Implementation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) proper and ethical? Each document is intended to provide information students must evaluate and use (or not use) in making their own decision. Document A: This document introduces the topic, presents the scenario, and outlines the task students must complete. Document B: Students should notice from Figure 1 that people feel differently about the ethical use of PGD depending on the intended purpose of the procedure. Figure 2 has information not directly related to the issue; however, some students may take from it that IVF is not always effective, thus PGD may not be worth the expense. Figure 3 shows that PGD is effective for reducing births of children with β-thalassemia, although the reliability of the source may be questioned. Document C: The diagrams in this document enable students to visualize the PGD process. Some students may recognize that Figure 3 is presenting a hypothetical, in-the-future situation. While PGD can be used to determine and select for gender, traits like green eyes and blond hair cannot be selected for at this time. Document D: This article, though rather long and text-based, is important to help students understand the basics of the issue. Written by a scientist and published in a credible journal, the PGD process is described and arguments - both pro and con - are introduced. Because of its length, some teachers may decide to skip this document or substitute an alternative. Document E: The blog presented here is similar to Document D in that it introduces the topic. Background and Objective: Severe neonatal anaemia can impair cerebral oxygen supply. Data on long-term outcomes following severe neonatal anaemia are scarce. Methods: Clinical data and neurodevelopmental outcome of 49 (near) term infants with haemoglobin concentration after birth <6.0 mmol/l were retrospectively collected and analysed. In a subgroup of 28 patients, amplitude-integrated EEG was available and in 25 infants cerebral MRI was obtained. Infants were followed up at 14–35 months of age and assessed with the Griffiths Scale of Mental Development or Bayley Scale of Infant Development. Results: Eighteen patients (37%) died during the neonatal period. In 25 patients MRI was per-formed. A predominant pattern of injury on MRI was seen in the basal ganglia and thalami in 7 patients (28%), whereas some form of white matter injury was present in 16 (64%) and a combination in 3 (12%). Follow-up data were available for 26 patients (84% of survivors). Formal assessment of neu-rodevelopmental outcome was performed in 20 of 31 (65%) infants who survived (median age: 19 months, range: 14–35 Sixteen infants (80%) had a developmental quotient appro-priate for age in the first 2 years after birth. On motor out-come, 1 patient (5%) scored below average (Z-score –1.10). One patient developed cerebral palsy. Conclusion: Early neurodevelopmental outcome in surviving patients with se-vere neonatal anaemia was within the normal range in the majority of the survivors. MRI showed mild-to-moderate white matter injury in two thirds of the infants. Prospective-ly collected data with a longer follow-up period are needed. Neonatal anaemia has a diverse aetiology, and it can cause an acute life-threatening situation through hypovo-laemic shock and hypoxia at birth, as well as through mul-tiple organ failure in the first days of life. During hypovo-laemic shock, redistribution of blood flow occurs and may be preferentially directed to the brain, which possi-bly prevents more severe adverse neurological sequelae. Anaemia may result in encephalopathy, which can be as-sessed using aEEG (amplitude-integrated EEG).Data on MRI findings and neurodevelopmental out-come of survivors of neonatal anaemia are limited. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND) . Usage and distribution for commercial purposes as well as any dis-tribution of modified material requires written permission.severe anaemia is often associated with perinatal asphyx-ia, it is hard to distinguish with neuro-imaging whether cerebral injury is due to anaemia or the associated hypox-ia-ischaemia.The aim of this retrospective study is to describe aEEG and MRI findings following severe neonatal anaemia in (near) term infants admitted at a level III neonatal inten-sive care unit, and relate these findings to neurodevelop-mental outcome at approximately 2 years of age.We retrospectively collected clinical data from medical records of patients who presented with severe anaemia in the neonatal in-tensive care unit of the VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, or the Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, between January 2000 and June 2011.Patients with an initial haemoglobin (Hb) concentration <6.0 mmol/l ([mg/dl] = [mmol/l] ×1.61) and a gestational age ≥36 weeks were eligible for this study. Infants with chromosomal ab-normalities or inborn errors of metabolism were excluded.