energy and essential fatty acids K Examples: oils (preferably soy or rapeseed oil), margarine, butter or lard Seeds: provide energy K Examples: groundnut paste or other nut pastes, soaked or germinated seeds such as pumpkin, sunflower, melon, sesame Reminder: Foods rich in iron K Liver (any type), organ meat, flesh of animals (especially red meat), flesh of birds (especially dark meat), foods fortified with iron Foods rich in Vitamin A K Liver (any type), red palm oil, egg yolk, orange coloured fruits and vegetables, dark green vegetables Foods rich in zinc K Liver (any type), organ meat, food prepared with blood, flesh of animals, birds and fish, shell fish, egg yolk Foods rich in calcium K Milk or milk products, small fish with bones Foods rich in Vitamin C K Fresh fruits, tomatoes, peppers (green, red, yellow), green leaves and vegetables 27 References 1. WHO. The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding: report of an expert consultation. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2001 (WHO/NHD/01.09, WHO/FCH/CAH 01.24). 2. Shrimpton R et al. Worldwide timing of growth faltering: implications for nutritional interventions. Pediatrics, 2001;107(5):e75. 3. PAHO/WHO. Guiding principles for complementary feeding of the breastfed child. Washington DC, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, 2002. 4. WHO. Training course on child growth assessment. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008 (in press). 5. Naylor AJ, Morrow AL. Developmental readiness of normal full term infants to progress from exclusive breastfeeding to the introduction of complementary foods. Washington DC, LINKAGES/Wellstart International, 2001. 6. Dewey KG, Brown KH. Update on technical issues concerning complementary feeding of young children in developing countries and implications for intervention programs. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 2003, 24:5–28. 7. Brown KH et al. Effects of common illnesses on infants’ energy intakes from breast milk and other foods during longitudinal community-based studies in Huascar (Lima), Peru. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1990, 52:1005–1013. 8. Briend A, Bari A. Breastfeeding improves survival, but not nutritional status, of 12–35 months old children in rural Bangladesh. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1989, 43(9):603–8. 9. Mobak K et al. Prolonged breastfeeding, diarrhoeal disease, and survival of children in Guinea-Bissau. British Medical Journal, 1994, 308:1403–1406. 10. Engle P, Bentley M, Pelto G. The role of care in nutrition programmes: current research and a research agenda. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 2000, 59:25–35. 11. Pelto G, Levitt E, Thairu L. Improving feeding practices: current patterns, common constraints, and the design of interventions. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 2003, 24(1):45–82. 12. Bern C et al. The magnitude of the global problem of diarrhoeal disease; a ten-year update. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1992, 70:705–714. 13. Black RE et al. Incidence and etiology of infantile diarrhoea and major routes of transmission in Huascar, Peru. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1989, 129:785–799. 14. Black RE et al. Contamination of weaning foods and transmission of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea in children in rural Bangladesh. Transcripts of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1982, 76(2):259–264. 15. WHO. The five keys to safer food. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2001. 16. WHO. Complementary feeding. Family foods for breastfed children. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2000. 17. Drewett R et al. Relationships between nursing patterns, supplementary food intake, and breastmilk intake in a rural Thai population. Early Human Development, 1989, 20:13–23. 18. WHO. Guiding principles for feeding non-breastfed children 6–24 months of age. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2005. 19. WHO/UNICEF. Complementary feeding of young children in developing countries: a review of current scientific knowledge. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1998 (WHO/NUT/98.1). 20. Brown K. A rational approach to feeding infants and young children with acute diarrhea. In: Lifschiz CH, ed. Pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition in clinical practice. New York, Marcel Dekker Inc., 2001. 21. WHO/UNICEF/IVACG Task Force. Vitamin A supplements: a guide to their use in the treatment of vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1997. 22. WHO/UNICEF. Joint statement: iron supplementation of young children in regions where malaria transmission is intense and infectious disease highly prevalent. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2006.